In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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and Tools. CSIRO Australia, Melbourne. 70 p.Mayers, J & Bass, S. 1999. Policies that Work for Forests and People. International Institute forEnvironment & Development, London. 324 p.McNeely, JA. (in press) Mobilizing Broader Support for Asia’s Biodiversity: How CivilSociety Can Contribute to Protected Area Management, Manila: Asia Development BankMontreal Implementation Group (Australia). 1998. A Framework of Regional (sub-national)Level Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management in Australia. Commonwealthof Australia, Canberra. 108 p.Moura-Costa, P & Stuart, MD. 1998. Forestry-based greenhouse gas mitigation: the story ofmarket evolution. Commonwealth Forestry Review 77: 191-202.National Research Council (USA). 1991. Managing Global Genetic Resources - Forest Trees.National Academy Press, Washington. 228 p.Namkoong, G., Boyle, TJB., Gregorious, H-R., Joly, H., Savolainen, O., Ratnam W & Young, A.1996. Testing criteria and indicators for assessing the sustainability of forest management:genetic criteria and indicators. Working Paper No 10, Centre for International ForestryResearch, Bogor. 12 p.Nature. 1998. The complex realities of sharing genetic resources. Nature 392: 525.Paine, JR, 1997. ‘Status, trends and future scenarios for forest conservation including protectedareas in the Asia-Pacific area’, Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, Working PaperAPFSOS/WP/04, Rome: FAOPhillips, A, 1997. IUCN/World Commission on Protected Areas 1997.Phillips, A, 1998. Application of IUCN protected area categories to forest ecosystems, letter toIFF from WCPA, 17 AugustPosey, DA & Dutfield, G. 1996. Beyond Intellectual Property: Towards Traditional ResourceRights for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. International Development ResearchCentre, Canada. 250 p.Pressey, RL, 1994, ‘Ad hoc reservations: forward or backward steps in developing representativereserve systems?’, Conservation Biology 8: 662-668Pressey, RL & Logan, VS. 1997. Inside looking out: findings of research on reserve selectionrelevant to “off-reserve” nature conservation. In: Hale, P & Lamb, D (eds). 1997. ConservationOutside Nature Reserves. Centre for Conservation Biology, University of Queensland,Brisbane. pp: 407-418.Pressey, RL & Tully, SL. 1994. ‘The cost of ad hoc reservation: a case study in western NewSouth Wales, Australian Journal of Ecology 19: 375-384Reid, WV; Laird, SA; Meyer, CA; Gamez, R; Sittenfeld, A; Janzen, JH; Gollin, MA & Juma, C.1993. Biodiversity Prospecting. World Resources Institute, Washington. 341 p.Runte, A, 1987. National Parks: the American Experience (2nd ed), Lincoln: University ofNebraska PressSaunders, DA; Margules CR & Hill, B. 1998. Environment Indicators for National State of theEnvironment Reporting – Biodiversity. Environment Australia, Canberra. 68 p.Saunier & Meganck, RA. 1995. Conservation of Biodiversity and the New Regional Planning.IUCN (World Conservation Union), Gland.Stork, NE., Boyle, TJB., Dale, V., Eeley, H., Finegan, B., Lawes, M., Manokaran, N., Prabhu R& Soberon, J. 1997. Criteria and Indicators for Assessing the Sustainability of ForestManagement: Conservation of Biodiversity. Working Paper No 17, Centre for InternationalForestry Research, Bogor. 29 p.Tasmanian Public Land Use Commission. 1997. Consultation Report: Mechanisms for AchievingConservation Management on Private Forested Land. Inquiry into lands to be reservedunder the Tasmania-Commonwealth Regional Forest Agreement. Public Land UseCommission, Hobart. 105 p.35
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Page 2 and 3: In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
Page 4 and 5: ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
Page 6: Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
Page 9 and 10: 2as discussed earlier, dominant for
Page 14 and 15: particularly true of those forest s
Page 16: In situ Conservation9
Page 19: 12Background - the world’s forest
Page 23 and 24: 16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
Page 25 and 26: 18to cover the degree to which the
Page 27 and 28: 20Regional Forest Assessment proces
Page 29 and 30: 22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
Page 31 and 32: 24resources, are the key actions ne
Page 33 and 34: 26Engagement between public and pri
Page 35 and 36: 28has been made with other storage
Page 37 and 38: 30The scale of a bioregion will ref
Page 39 and 40: 32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
Page 41: 34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
Page 45 and 46: 38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
Page 47 and 48: 406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
Page 49 and 50: 42in national development are consi
Page 51 and 52: 44focus of these conservation effor
Page 53 and 54: 46Anticipating a worsening conditio
Page 55 and 56: 48Forestry official could reach the
Page 57 and 58: 50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
Page 60 and 61: 53Status of In Situ Conservation of
Page 62 and 63: 55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Areas under National Parks
Page 66 and 67: Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
Page 68 and 69: 61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
Page 70 and 71: appropriate method and time for see
Page 72 and 73: 65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
Page 74: Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
Page 77 and 78: 70sub-marginal forest (includes the
Page 79 and 80: 72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
Page 81 and 82: 74Government policy initiatives and
Page 83 and 84: 76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
Page 85 and 86: 78In situ conservationThis conserva
Page 87 and 88: 80biodiversity conservation measure
Page 89 and 90: 82Bureau of Forest Development. 197
Page 91 and 92: 84losses of forestlands in Thailand
Page 93 and 94:
86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
Page 95 and 96:
88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
Page 97 and 98:
90A species area curve index was co
Page 99 and 100:
92The ecologically- important tree
Page 101 and 102:
94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
Page 104 and 105:
97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
Page 106 and 107:
frequency, and basal area of each s
Page 108 and 109:
101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
Page 110 and 111:
103With approximately US$340 millio
Page 112 and 113:
105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
Page 114 and 115:
107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
Page 116 and 117:
109in close partnership with severa
Page 118 and 119:
111Current StatusThe completion of
Page 120 and 121:
113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
Page 122 and 123:
115However, they should be more str
Page 124 and 125:
117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
Page 126 and 127:
119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
Page 128 and 129:
121established pre-conditions (sele
Page 130 and 131:
123Sub-program), indicating the adv
Page 132 and 133:
Ex situ Conservation125
Page 134 and 135:
Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
Page 136 and 137:
Table 1.General advantages and disa
Page 138 and 139:
131It is a resource because it poss
Page 140 and 141:
133• The trees reproduce themselv
Page 142 and 143:
135species. This is obviously a ser
Page 144 and 145:
137between species. Loss of genetic
Page 146 and 147:
139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
Page 148 and 149:
141basis for future domestication o
Page 150 and 151:
143must also be considered.• If t
Page 152 and 153:
145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
Page 154 and 155:
147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
Page 156 and 157:
149therefore, conservation of some
Page 158 and 159:
151The specific objectives of the p
Page 160 and 161:
153most important step in tree intr
Page 162 and 163:
155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
Page 164 and 165:
157the samples depend on the breedi
Page 166 and 167:
159Site selectionIn selecting sites
Page 168 and 169:
161The Status of ex situ Conservati
Page 170 and 171:
163establishment of a system of nat
Page 172 and 173:
165After a while, all these plantin
Page 174 and 175:
167planting activities were not ini
Page 176 and 177:
1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
Page 178 and 179:
171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
Page 180 and 181:
173conducted, particularly on roote
Page 182 and 183:
175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
Page 184 and 185:
177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
Page 186 and 187:
179Many attempts have been made to
Page 188 and 189:
181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
Page 190 and 191:
183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
Page 192 and 193:
185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
Page 194 and 195:
187A total of 41 species of diptero
Page 196 and 197:
189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
Page 198 and 199:
Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
Page 200 and 201:
193Practical Experience with Ex sit
Page 202 and 203:
195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
Page 204 and 205:
197Isolation from contaminating pol
Page 206 and 207:
199clear where dead trees were loca
Page 208 and 209:
201What is the Conservation Value o
Page 210 and 211:
2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
Page 212 and 213:
205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
Page 214 and 215:
207Genetical Studies for Conservati
Page 216 and 217:
209mating or reproductive system, o
Page 218 and 219:
211collections of several natural p
Page 220 and 221:
Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
Page 222 and 223:
215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
Page 224 and 225:
Population size and the conservatio
Page 226 and 227:
219One needs to start with large nu
Page 228 and 229:
221very little resistance is eviden
Page 230 and 231:
223Maintenance of genetic diversity
Page 232 and 233:
225used to establish a gene resourc
Page 234 and 235:
227Selection and mating proceduresG
Page 236 and 237:
229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
Page 238 and 239:
231Current Status of Tree Improveme
Page 240 and 241:
233(1) determine genetic variation
Page 242 and 243:
235Production Forests, Large-Scale
Page 244 and 245:
237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
Page 246 and 247:
239SpeciesBased on species/group of
Page 248 and 249:
241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
Page 250 and 251:
243First Generation Breeding Strate
Page 252 and 253:
245Table 5. Individual and Family H
Page 254 and 255:
247full-sib mating (single or doubl
Page 256 and 257:
Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
Page 258 and 259:
251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
Page 260 and 261:
253in traditional medicine. The bar
Page 262 and 263:
255Education, TrainingTraining is a
Page 264 and 265:
257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
Page 266 and 267:
259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
Page 268 and 269:
261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
Page 270 and 271:
263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
Page 272 and 273:
265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
Page 274 and 275:
267per subpopulation has been recom
Page 276 and 277:
269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
Page 278 and 279:
271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
Page 280 and 281:
273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
Page 282 and 283:
275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
Page 284 and 285:
277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
Page 286 and 287:
279Tree improvement costs include a
Page 288 and 289:
281inbreeding. There is improved ga
Page 290 and 291:
283that one is often faced in an ap
Page 292 and 293:
285In order to quantify the effecti
Page 294 and 295:
287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
Page 296 and 297:
Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
Page 298 and 299:
291can neither rely solely upon see
Page 300 and 301:
293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
Page 302 and 303:
295Potential for Combining a Tree I
Page 304 and 305:
297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
Page 306 and 307:
299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
Page 308 and 309:
301dispersal within populations. Mi
Page 310 and 311:
303The outcrossing rate varied grea
Page 312 and 313:
305and some dipterocarpous species
Page 314 and 315:
307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
Page 316 and 317:
309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
Page 318 and 319:
311Kapur is one of several local sp
Page 320 and 321:
313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
Page 322 and 323:
315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
Page 324 and 325:
317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
Page 326 and 327:
319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
Page 328 and 329:
321Genetic differentiation and gene
Page 330 and 331:
323morphological and physiological
Page 332 and 333:
A Study of Genetic Variation Using
Page 334 and 335:
327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
Page 336 and 337:
329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
Page 338 and 339:
331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
Page 340 and 341:
333Microsatellite markersFour micro
Page 342 and 343:
335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
Page 344 and 345:
337Sampling strategyThe objective o
Page 346 and 347:
339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
Page 348 and 349:
341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
Page 350 and 351:
343clear band observed. These resul
Page 352 and 353:
345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
Page 354 and 355:
347Guiana tropical forest. American
Page 356 and 357:
Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
Page 358 and 359:
351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
Page 360 and 361:
353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
Page 362 and 363:
355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
Page 364 and 365:
357determining mating systems and p
Page 366 and 367:
359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
Page 368 and 369:
Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
Page 370 and 371:
363manan indicated that there were
Page 372 and 373:
365apparently not encountered. The
Page 374 and 375:
367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
Page 376 and 377:
369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
Page 378 and 379:
371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
Page 380 and 381:
373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
Page 382 and 383:
375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
Page 384 and 385:
Estimation of Genetic Variation of
Page 386 and 387:
379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
Page 388 and 389:
381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
Page 390 and 391:
383The genetic diversity (mean expe
Page 392 and 393:
Forest Plantation385
Page 394 and 395:
Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
Page 396 and 397:
389The forests in the continental r
Page 398 and 399:
391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
Page 400 and 401:
393Besides damage to vegetation, th
Page 402 and 403:
395services and biodiversity, may n
Page 404 and 405:
397forest and agriculture on the sa
Page 406 and 407:
399If forest reserves are ever to p
Page 408 and 409:
401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
Page 410 and 411:
403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
Page 412 and 413:
405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
Page 414 and 415:
407Seed (whenever available, mostly
Page 416 and 417:
409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
Page 418 and 419:
411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
Page 420 and 421:
413the replanting areas are signifi
Page 422 and 423:
415As a comparison, the following d
Page 424 and 425:
417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427:
419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
Page 428 and 429:
421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
Page 430 and 431:
423Overall, growth and survival of
Page 432 and 433:
425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
Page 434 and 435:
427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
Page 436 and 437:
429significant portion of the world
Page 438 and 439:
431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
Page 440 and 441:
433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
Page 442 and 443:
435this study suggests that the val
Page 444 and 445:
437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
Page 446 and 447:
Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
Page 448 and 449:
441three weeks prior to transplanti
Page 450 and 451:
443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453:
445Biological properties of the soi
Page 454 and 455:
447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
Page 456 and 457:
449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
Page 458 and 459:
451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
Page 460 and 461:
453Table 1. Species identified by I
Page 462 and 463:
455seed available from national or
Page 464 and 465:
Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
Page 466 and 467:
459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
Page 468 and 469:
461preliminary study using an unive
Page 470 and 471:
463Nevertheless, inability to form
Page 472 and 473:
465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
Page 474 and 475:
467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
Page 476 and 477:
469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
Page 478 and 479:
471What is the meaning of diversity
Page 480 and 481:
473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
Page 482 and 483:
475Evidence of interest in internat
Page 484 and 485:
477the entire ecosystem, including
Page 486 and 487:
479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
Page 488 and 489:
481Additional Activities to Ex situ
Page 490 and 491:
483Results and DiscussionA hundred
Page 492 and 493:
485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
Page 494 and 495:
Figure 5. Interaction between prove
Page 496 and 497:
489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
Page 498 and 499:
491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
Page 500 and 501:
493including polyphosphate, glycoge
Page 502 and 503:
495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
Page 504 and 505:
497Similar to the pattern found for
Page 506 and 507:
Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
Page 508 and 509:
501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Page 510 and 511:
503Population Genetic Study of Shor
Page 512 and 513:
505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
Page 514 and 515:
507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
Page 516 and 517:
Study on Reproductive Phenology of
Page 518 and 519:
511Considering the difficulty of E.
Page 520 and 521:
513Table 1. Developmental phase of
Page 522 and 523:
5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
Page 524 and 525:
517During 65 days of enlargement pr
Page 526 and 527:
519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
Page 528 and 529:
521temperature stimulated floral in
Page 530 and 531:
5231989). Such foraging behavior al
Page 532 and 533:
Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
Page 534 and 535:
527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
Page 536 and 537:
Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
Page 538 and 539:
531These h 2 estimates ranged from
Page 540 and 541:
533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
Page 544 and 545:
537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
Page 546 and 547:
539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
Page 548 and 549:
541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
Page 550 and 551:
543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
Page 552 and 553:
545of protected forestlands, includ
Page 554 and 555:
547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
Page 556 and 557:
549• The establishment of planted
Page 558 and 559:
551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
Page 560 and 561:
553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
Page 562 and 563:
5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
Page 564 and 565:
557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
Page 566 and 567:
Appendix559
Page 568 and 569:
International Conference onex situ
Page 570 and 571:
563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
Page 572 and 573:
Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
Page 576 and 577:
569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
Page 578:
571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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