In situ and Ex situ Conservation of Commercial Tropical Trees - ITTO

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same time promoting a better distribution of tree species across all cuttingareas. This will be on top of the tree-marking goal estimated for the area.This concept of sustainable forest management plans that also integratebiodiversity and genetic resource conservation measures with timber productionis similar to that being developed for the Berau Forest Management Project inEast Kalimantan (Tyrie & Natadiwirya 2000). The Kalimantan SFM plan allowsforestry practices to continue while at the same time maintaining environmentalquality.Summary and ConclusionsThe genetic resource conservation strategies for timber trees in the Philippinesinclude both ex situ and in situ methods. The timber production forests currentlytotal less than 2 million ha, including about 600,000 ha of forest plantations andtree farms. Some private companies are involved in limited tree improvementprograms for plantation species. Although tree plantations and natural foreststands have been identified by the government as seed production areas toserve as primary sources of quality seeds for tree plantations, these remainlargely undeveloped and undocumented.Despite the Philippines’ rapid decline of its forest habitats, in situconservation through the protected areas system remains its best hope forconserving genetic resources of timber trees. The protected areas, however,are still limited in their scope, often excluding lowland dipterocarp forests thatharbor the majority of the commercial timber trees. Sustainable forestmanagement systems involving integrated and careful planning of timberharvesting operations that incorporate genetic resource conservation measuresoffer a promising strategy.The extent of the genetic diversity within and between populations ofthe commercial timber species in the plantations, and much less, in the naturalforests, remains largely unknown. Although there is a high diversity of speciesand habitats in the Philippines, the financial resources for genetic conservationremain limited.ReferencesAnonymous. 1992. PTFI: a pioneer in industrial tree plantation. Philippine Lumberman 38(1):16-18.Aplet, G.H., Johnson, N., Olson, J.T. & Sample, A.V. (eds.). 1993. Defining Sustainable Forestry.Island Press, Washington DC.Arnold, R., Gonzales, A. & Abarquez, A. 1998. Domestication of exotic Acacia species inBukidnon Province, Philippines. In: Proceedings of an International Workshop, Hanoi, Vietnam,23-30 October 1997. ACIAR Proceedings No, 82, 383 p.Ashton, P.S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana Ser. I, 9: 237-552.81
82Bureau of Forest Development. 1972. Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Agricultureand Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.Catibog-Sinha, C. 1994. Implications of the NIPAS law for the conservation of genetic resourcesin the Philippines. In: Drysdale, R.M., John, S.E.T. & Yapa, A.C. (eds.). Proceedings:International Symposium on Genetic Conservation and Production of Tropical Forest TreeSeed ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project, Muak-Lek, Thailand. pp: 214-220Cox, R. 1990. Philippines. In: Collins, N.M., Sayer, J.A. & Whitmore, T.C. (eds.). TheConservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific, Macmillan Press, Ltd., pp.192-200DENR-UNEP. 1997. Philippine Biodiversity: an Assessment and Action Plan. 298 p. BookmarkInc., Makati, Philippines.EMB-DENR. 1996. Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990-1995. 379 p. EnvironmentalManagement Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City,Philippines.Florido, H. 1993. Some endangered Philippines tree species (based on CITES list). ResearchInformation Series on Ecosystems (Philippines) 5(6). 14 p.Forest Management Bureau. 1997. Philippine Forestry Statistics. Department of Environmentand Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.Garcia, M.U. 2000. State-of-the-art Review on Genetic Conservation of Forest Tree Species inthe Philippines. 42 p. (unpublished). AIFM-ITTO Project PD 31/94 Rev. (F).Ledig, F.T. 1988. The conservation of diversity in forest trees. BioScience 38: 471-479.Meniado, J.A., Valbuena, R.R. & Tamolang, F.N. 1974. Timbers of the Philippines. Manila.Mittermeier, R.A., Myers, N., Gil, P.R. & Mittermeier, C.G. 1999. Hotspots: Earth’s BiologicallyRichest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Cemex, Conservation International,and Agrupacion Sierra Madre, Monterey, Mexico.Myers, N. 1988. Threatened biotas: hotspots in tropical forests. Environmentalist 8(3): 187-208.Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., de Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. 2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.Newman, M.F., Burgess, P.F. & Whitmore, T.C. 1996. Manuals of Dipterocarps for Foresters,Philippines. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh and Center for International ForestryResearch, Bogor.Ordinario, F.F. 1992. ERDB launches tree improvement program. Philippine Lumberman 38(1):26-28.PAWB-DENR. 1998. The First Philippine National Report to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, Department of Environment and NaturalResources, Quezon City, Philippines.Ponce, S.S. 1933. Mahogany as a reforestation crop. Makiling Echo 12 (1): 13-21.Reyes, M.R. 1987. PICOP revisited. Philippine Lumberman 33(7): 16-18, 32, 34-35.Salvosa, F.M. 1963. Lexicon of Philippine Trees. Bulletin No. 1, Forest Products ResearchInstitute, College, Laguna, Philippines.Tan, B.C.., Fernando, E.S. & Rojo, J.P. 1986. An updated list of endangered Philippine plants.Yushania (Taiwan) 3(2): 1-5. [Reprinted in PESAM Bulletin (Philippines) 7(1): 8-9, 12(1987)].Tyrie, G. & Natadiwirya, M. 2000. Supporting sustainable forest management in Indonesia.GEO Asia Pacific. October/November 2000. pp. 29-31.Wilcox, M. 1996. Tree Improvement Plan for the Bukidnon Industrial Plantation Project. ReportNo. 151/1996. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Professional ForestryServices and Groome Poyry Ltd.Wyatt-Smith, J. 1954. Forest memories of the Philippines. Malayan Forester 17: 135-143.
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In situ and Ex situ Conservation of
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ContentsForeword 1Report of The Int
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Establishment of Meranti Trial Plan
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2as discussed earlier, dominant for
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particularly true of those forest s
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In situ Conservation9
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12Background - the world’s forest
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16Box 2. IUCN Protected Area Catego
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18to cover the degree to which the
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20Regional Forest Assessment proces
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22ecosystem, seldom protect forests
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24resources, are the key actions ne
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26Engagement between public and pri
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28has been made with other storage
Page 37 and 38: 30The scale of a bioregion will ref
Page 39 and 40: 32ConclusionsRecent advances in our
Page 41 and 42: 34Cambridge University Press, Cambr
Page 43 and 44: 36Ten Kate, K. 1995. Biopiracy or G
Page 45 and 46: 38IntroductionFor more than 30 year
Page 47 and 48: 406. Maluku: lowland and montane fo
Page 49 and 50: 42in national development are consi
Page 51 and 52: 44focus of these conservation effor
Page 53 and 54: 46Anticipating a worsening conditio
Page 55 and 56: 48Forestry official could reach the
Page 57 and 58: 50moment, Indonesia is preparing a
Page 60 and 61: 53Status of In Situ Conservation of
Page 62 and 63: 55Table 2. PRFs by forest types in
Page 64 and 65: Table 4. Areas under National Parks
Page 66 and 67: Annual Report 1999). The VJRs repre
Page 68 and 69: 61Seed Production AreasNatural fore
Page 70 and 71: appropriate method and time for see
Page 72 and 73: 65Genetic Resource Area (GRA)As par
Page 74: Kendawang (1992) reported that rese
Page 77 and 78: 70sub-marginal forest (includes the
Page 79 and 80: 72Table 2. Summary of dipterocarp s
Page 81 and 82: 74Government policy initiatives and
Page 83 and 84: 76Seed orchardsThe Ecosystems Resea
Page 85 and 86: 78In situ conservationThis conserva
Page 87: 80biodiversity conservation measure
Page 91 and 92: 84losses of forestlands in Thailand
Page 93 and 94: 86In Situ Conservation of Forest Ge
Page 95 and 96: 88- relative humidity = 85.8 %Site
Page 97 and 98: 90A species area curve index was co
Page 99 and 100: 92The ecologically- important tree
Page 101 and 102: 94Table 3 Dominant tree species in
Page 104 and 105: 97Table 6 Dominant tree species in
Page 106 and 107: frequency, and basal area of each s
Page 108 and 109: 101Conserving Tropical Forests:Braz
Page 110 and 111: 103With approximately US$340 millio
Page 112 and 113: 105Demonstration Projects (PD/A)Obj
Page 114 and 115: 107• Stimulate subprojects to ana
Page 116 and 117: 109in close partnership with severa
Page 118 and 119: 111Current StatusThe completion of
Page 120 and 121: 113Rain Forest Corridors ProjectThe
Page 122 and 123: 115However, they should be more str
Page 124 and 125: 117RFT for MMA to cover a six-month
Page 126 and 127: 119Projects and ComponentsThe subpr
Page 128 and 129: 121established pre-conditions (sele
Page 130 and 131: 123Sub-program), indicating the adv
Page 132 and 133: Ex situ Conservation125
Page 134 and 135: Ex situ Conservation of Commercial
Page 136 and 137: Table 1.General advantages and disa
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131It is a resource because it poss
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133• The trees reproduce themselv
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135species. This is obviously a ser
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137between species. Loss of genetic
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139Figure 1. Conceptual presentatio
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141basis for future domestication o
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143must also be considered.• If t
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145FSIV, 1996. List of native Vietn
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147The Status of Ex Situ Conservati
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149therefore, conservation of some
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151The specific objectives of the p
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153most important step in tree intr
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155in 1932, the large-scale tree im
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157the samples depend on the breedi
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159Site selectionIn selecting sites
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161The Status of ex situ Conservati
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163establishment of a system of nat
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165After a while, all these plantin
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167planting activities were not ini
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1691993. pp: 72-77.Moura-Costa, P.
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171The Status of In situ and Ex sit
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173conducted, particularly on roote
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175Table 1. D. alatus plantation ar
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177Plantation of D. alatus by priva
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179Many attempts have been made to
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181ConclusionThe total area of D. a
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183Ex situ Conservation of Dipteroc
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185Figure 1. Location of FNCRDC dem
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187A total of 41 species of diptero
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189FNCRDC); forest protection (held
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Appendix 1. Dipterocarps collection
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193Practical Experience with Ex sit
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195The Ex situ Programme on Tropica
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197Isolation from contaminating pol
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199clear where dead trees were loca
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201What is the Conservation Value o
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2031/2 to 1/3 of the original numbe
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205Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed Orchards
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207Genetical Studies for Conservati
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209mating or reproductive system, o
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211collections of several natural p
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Genetic Conservation to ServeBreedi
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215Genetic Conservation in AppliedT
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Population size and the conservatio
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219One needs to start with large nu
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221very little resistance is eviden
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223Maintenance of genetic diversity
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225used to establish a gene resourc
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227Selection and mating proceduresG
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229Systematics and Evolutionary Bio
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231Current Status of Tree Improveme
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233(1) determine genetic variation
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235Production Forests, Large-Scale
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237Genetic Tree ImprovementActiviti
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239SpeciesBased on species/group of
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241of progeny tests, clone banks, c
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243First Generation Breeding Strate
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245Table 5. Individual and Family H
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247full-sib mating (single or doubl
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Table 8. Tree Growth Performance of
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251Eucalyptus urophylla (Ampupu)Amp
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253in traditional medicine. The bar
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255Education, TrainingTraining is a
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257The Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah
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259Prospect and ProgressForest tree
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261to Indonesia, June 29 to July 9.
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263Ex situ Conservation of Pinus me
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265and Kerinci populations were 0.2
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267per subpopulation has been recom
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269Eriksson, G; Namkoong. G. & Robe
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271The Benefits of Tree Improvement
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273forest of Thailand in 1994 (Dona
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275σ 2 F(P)Family heritability ( h
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277Financial ParametersPlanting obj
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279Tree improvement costs include a
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281inbreeding. There is improved ga
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283that one is often faced in an ap
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285In order to quantify the effecti
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287Suitable Tropical Hardwoods from
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Ex Situ Genetic Conservation of Aca
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291can neither rely solely upon see
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293Infusions of fresh genetic mater
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295Potential for Combining a Tree I
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297Progeny Trial And Conservation B
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299Molecular Approaches to Conservi
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301dispersal within populations. Mi
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303The outcrossing rate varied grea
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305and some dipterocarpous species
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307regions in chloroplast DNA. TROP
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309Genetic Structure of Natural Pop
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311Kapur is one of several local sp
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313Table 1. Microsatellite loci all
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315Table 3. Fixation index (F) in t
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317and Ulu Sedili was low, that is
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319ratios that deviated from Hardy-
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321Genetic differentiation and gene
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323morphological and physiological
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A Study of Genetic Variation Using
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327CAG, E-AAC/M-CTG, where E and M
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329Figure 1.KiireTanegashimaKumejim
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331Genetic Structure of Shorea lepr
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333Microsatellite markersFour micro
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335Table 2. Genetic diversity based
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337Sampling strategyThe objective o
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339Genetic Variation of Lophopetalu
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341Enzyme extractionPolyacrylamide
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343clear band observed. These resul
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345S17, S20, S29, S37, S62, S64, S7
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347Guiana tropical forest. American
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Evaluating Genetic Diversity of Dip
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351Isoenzyme AnalysisEmbryos were e
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353Table 4. Matrix of Nei (1978) un
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355Genetic Markers for Assessing Ge
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357determining mating systems and p
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359Eusideroxylon zwagerii, locally
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Results361and maintained at 4 o C.
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363manan indicated that there were
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365apparently not encountered. The
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367and one site of Silvagama in Kua
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369Mating System Parameters of Dryo
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371Materials and MethodsSamplingThi
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373* Inbreeding coefficients of see
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375In conclusion, D. oblongifolia p
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Estimation of Genetic Variation of
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379RAPD analysisTwenty-six arbitrar
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381Figure 1. Allele frequency of fo
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383The genetic diversity (mean expe
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Forest Plantation385
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Commercial Plantation Strategy to R
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389The forests in the continental r
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391Table 5.Area of natural forest a
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393Besides damage to vegetation, th
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395services and biodiversity, may n
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397forest and agriculture on the sa
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399If forest reserves are ever to p
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401d. Inadequate Supply of Quality
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403Conclusion - The Way ForwardGive
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405Dipterocarp Plantation:the Strat
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407Seed (whenever available, mostly
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409Gmelina arborea. Current activit
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411Planting Meranti (Shorea sp.) Tr
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413the replanting areas are signifi
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415As a comparison, the following d
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417with natural replanting. Also, o
Page 426 and 427:
419Establishment of Meranti Trial P
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421and 3 (seedlings only for 4 x 4
Page 430 and 431:
423Overall, growth and survival of
Page 432 and 433:
425Shorea leprosula and S. selanica
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427Potential of Carbon Sequestratio
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429significant portion of the world
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431(Page et al. 1982). Soil organic
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433Table 3. Mean soil organic carbo
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435this study suggests that the val
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437McNeely, J.A., Miller, K.R., Rei
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Possibility of Timber Estate Develo
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441three weeks prior to transplanti
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443Table 3. Effects of endomycorrhi
Page 452 and 453:
445Biological properties of the soi
Page 454 and 455:
447ReferencesGrandt, A.F, 1988. Pro
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449Strengthening Tree Farming Activ
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451On Farm Tree Cultivation - Genet
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453Table 1. Species identified by I
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455seed available from national or
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Miscellaneous(Posters and Voluntary
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459Conservation of Soil Microbial D
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461preliminary study using an unive
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463Nevertheless, inability to form
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465Box 1Structure of vegetation and
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467Nucleic Acid Based-methodsThe th
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469sequences. DGGE and TGGE detect
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471What is the meaning of diversity
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473Sharing the OutcomesData collect
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475Evidence of interest in internat
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477the entire ecosystem, including
Page 486 and 487:
479Lie, A.T., Goktan, D., Engin, M.
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481Additional Activities to Ex situ
Page 490 and 491:
483Results and DiscussionA hundred
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485Figure 3. Root nodules formed by
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Figure 5. Interaction between prove
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489Suggestion and Future Plan1. Due
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491Mycorrhizal Fungal Population in
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493including polyphosphate, glycoge
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495Honrubia (1997). By following fr
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497Similar to the pattern found for
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Figure 3. Arbuscules (arrow) formed
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501109-152. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
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503Population Genetic Study of Shor
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505screening. Finally, 16 primers w
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507DiscussionThe genetic diversity
Page 516 and 517:
Study on Reproductive Phenology of
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511Considering the difficulty of E.
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513Table 1. Developmental phase of
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5152g 2h 2i2j2kEach single flower c
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517During 65 days of enlargement pr
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519Figure 6. The value of Fruit/Flo
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521temperature stimulated floral in
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5231989). Such foraging behavior al
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Revolving Cutting Technique (RCT) f
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527Results and DiscussionRooting pe
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Evaluation of a Progeny Test of Euc
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531These h 2 estimates ranged from
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533Notes:*) Means with some letter
Page 542 and 543:
535Plantations in Experimental Fore
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537Ex situ Conservation in Experime
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539Table 1. Growth of six dipteroca
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541faced by FORIS. Illegal tree cut
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543Plantation Forests in East Kalim
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545of protected forestlands, includ
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547from Tanjung Redeb Hutani shows
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549• The establishment of planted
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551In Situ Conservation of Ebony(Di
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553Ebony CharacteristicsEbony is a
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5554. The Rubiaceae family was the
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557Figure 7. Shallow Soil Layer of
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Appendix559
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International Conference onex situ
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563Suchitra ChangtragoonRoyal Fores
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Endang SuhendangEnny SudarmonowatiS
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567PriyatnaPuslit BPTHPhone: 0274-8
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569Untung IskandarVivi YuskiantiBap
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571Project Executing Agency (PEA)Fa
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