suffers not in spite of but because of the expansion of digitalmedia consumption.However, the Arab world is not a homogeneous market,even with regard to piracy. In the United Arab Emirates(UAE), the local production of pirated ebooks is not consideredan imminent threat to innovative businesses. Thegovernment of the UAE would like the entire country tobecome a regional leader in the development of a “knowledgesociety.” This ambition is reflected in the recent emergenceof several ventures —such as Rufoof and Qordoba— as well as the funding that such initiatives can raise fromboth local and international sources (an option hardlypractical for a company headquartered in Lebanon, suchas Nil WaFurat), disregarding the Levantine’s old traditionas a hub for books and publishing throughout the Arabworld.In addition, the authoritative practices and strategies withregard to piracy —or, more broadly, with regard to creatingthe legal framework to cope with the challenges from digitalmedia— is not well defined in any of the emergingmarkets.While several pieces of international legislation relevant topiracy have been abandoned (the Stop Online Piracy Act(SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA) in the US and theCounterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) de facto at the Europeanlevel), a wave of studies and practical initiativeshave hit the media over the past 12 months or so, with littleconsensus on the parameters, drivers, or concrete goals ofthese activities.The issue was at the top of the agenda for industry organizationsacross the US, Europe, and the rest of the world(see the AAP at PW, March 15, 2012). New legislation hasbeen introduced at the national level in a number of countries,including Spain (under the acronym of SINDE, for alaw on the “durable economy, aiming at reforming copyrightSpanish law altogether”; Livres Hebdo, March 1,2012). At the same time, courts at the European level havelimited the direct responsibility and liability of providerplatforms for hosting illegal content on their servers. 1One challenge for the book industry is that the broaderdebate on copyright and infringements is predominantlydriven by the movie and music industry, thereby sideliningissues specific to books and reading. In many statisticaloverviews, ebooks are treated as a niche domain, withoutthe acknowledgment of the factors specifically affectingthis segment. For instance, due to the small file sizes ofebooks in comparison to audio MP3 files or digital video,peer-to-peer (or torrent) sites play an insignificant role inthe distribution of illegal ebooks, compared to file sharingand one-click-hosting (OCH) sites.In addition, the measurement of the number of downloadeditems must be handled differently for ebooks, as theconsumption of an ebook is much more time-consumingthan that of a piece of music. In return, for some marketswith particularly high penetration rates of piracy, such asin the Arab world, huge catalogues of illegal digital copiesof ebooks, together with links to filehosting sites, are availableon legal platforms such as Facebook, providing anarguably better consumer experience than any of the legalsites in the region.However, even for well-documented markets such as Germanyor France, for a number of reasons, no widely acceptedconsensus has emerged as to the scope and impactof piracy with regard to the emerging ebook market, or forthe best practices to act against offerings of illegally digitizedcontent.Controversial debates, legalinitiatives, and contradictorypractices in EuropeGermany, one of the leading content markets outside theEnglish realm, was rattled throughout the first half of 2012by controversies related to copyright and to practices consideredcontroversial with regard to current law on severallevels. A seemingly technical niche debate about the internationalAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) didnot become a front page topic until it was given up, at leastin its current form, by both the German government andthe European authorities. It split society into two sides,with Börsenverein lobbying for the agreement and a growingpolitical majority considering it a threat to civil rights.The very term pirate experienced an about-face, as a newpolitical party even ran in the parliamentary elections infall 2013 under the name of the Pirate Party. After initiallybroad media attention, the campaign had little success,1. The European Court ruled against the German collecting society (GEMA) on the installation of automated filters to prevent access to illegal contenton platforms such as YouTube, as such practices would impede freedom of information as well as the individual privacy rights of users. (Die Zeit,2February 2012).117 The Global eBook Report
ut illustrated well a widening gap in the public comprehensionof what is right and what is wrong with regard tocopyright.Such oddities have led law professors to acknowledge thatcopyright has become a battleground in fundamental regards:“In legal terms, rights owners, and notably thosebelonging to the copyright industry, have many rights,while users have very few,” argued German law professorKarl-Nikolaus Peifer. “Yet users have in fact all practical possibilitiesto access the content [that they long for]” (quotefrom an interview with Peifer, “Das digitale Urheberrechtsteht am Abgrund” [Digital Copyright Is at the Brink], brandeins,December 2011). Experts such as Peifer argue thatthe law in its current form cannot resolve the resultingconflict.With regard to digital content available on the Internet,many recent studies suggest that piracy “is common”(SSRC, the American Assembly, Columbia University, readmore here). Piracy is clearly ubiquitous in the developingworld (The Media Piracy Report: Media Piracy in EmergingEconomies), yet only imprecise data on its scope and theeffective economic damage are available. In the case ofebooks, a detailed assessment is even more difficult, as theebook market has a history of only a few years in the USand the UK and is only just emerging in most Europeancountries Both data and methodologies for analysis arecurrently limited.In Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Propertyand Growth, released in May 2011, Ian Hargreaves summarizedhis findings (page 10):No one doubts that a great deal of copyright piracyis taking place, but reliable data about scaleand trends is surprisingly scarce. Estimates of thescale of illegal digital downloads in the UK rangesbetween 13 percent and 65 percent in two studiespublished last year. A detailed survey of UK andinternational data finds that very little of it is supportedby transparent research criteria. Meanwhilesales and profitability levels in most creativebusiness sectors appear to be holding up reasonablywell. We conclude that many creative businessesare experiencing turbulence from digitalcopyright infringement, but that at the level of thewhole economy, measurable impacts are not asstark as is sometimes suggested.As early as 2009, Brian O’Leary highlighted the need formore data to differentiate clearly between the fact (or “instance”)of pirated content available on the Internet andits impact on publishing and readers, proposing a differentiatedmodel for the understanding of piracy in a widercontext of freely available content:The potential loss of sales suffered by the mostpopular authors is more than offset by increasedvisibility (and presumably sales) afforded less wellknownauthors when their content is made availabledigitally (Impact of P2P and Free Distributionon Book Sales: Tools of Change for Publishing ResearchReport, 2009, page 23).This model aims to replace the popular binary understanding(good vs. bad) with a more nuanced approach,differentiating between a white market, in which contentis created, marketed, and sold; a gray market for the promotionof a title and author, carrying a risk of pirated content“but accompanied by a quantifiably better result”; andan (illegal) back channel, “in which content is traded andconsumed without fair compensation for its authors orpublishers (resulting in lost revenue)” (O’Leary, 2009, page25).The claim that piracy is not automatically synonymouswith pirated content being a substitute for purchase hasalso been discussed widely with regard to other digitalcontent, notably music, and these arguments are oftenrelevant to the current debate on ebooks and piracy (seeThe Lefsetzletter).Regrettably, the limited available research on ebooks andpiracy in continental Europe —notably Germany andFrance— so far focuses primarily on the simpler model ofa black-and-white juxtaposition of legal and illegal downloadswithout fostering a more complex analysis of drivingforces and the resulting effects on the emerging ebookenvironment. This study can only summarize the initial researchand related critical debate.Coordinated efforts for trackingand takedown campaignsLarge publishing groups have successfully launched coordinatedactions to shut down major piracy sites carryingbooks for which they owned the rights. For instance, inFebruary 2012, two share-hosting services, www.ifile.itand www.library.nu, which offered a library of 400,000ebooks for free illegal download, were shut down in a novelapproach coordinated by both the International PublishersAssociation (IPA) and Börsenverein, together with a groupof publishers including many of the leading houses in sci-The Global eBook Report 118
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ContentsAbout the Global eBook Repo
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• The Bookseller (United Kingdom)
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Executive SummaryThis report provid
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The ambitions, and thelimitations o
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ending requests by email and face t
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Chris Kenneally, Copyright Clearanc
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A Global Industry, and Many Local P
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transformation longer than other se
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The Bookish Elites: Market size & n
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Book markets evolution in selected
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Market share of ebooks (in various
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English Language eBookMarketsThe fo
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United States (2010-2011 Book Marke
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Ebooks accounted in 2013 for one in
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stores, and 700 Argo stores, as wel
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Metadata is the key to online sales
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EuropeGermanyUpdate spring 2014Afte
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GermanyKey Indicators Values Source
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Ebooks evolve in a complex and chal
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actively seeking Google’s coopera
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SpainKey Indicators Values Sources,
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early days there. Yet according to
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According to the Danish book trade
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and Amazon is as well. Barnes & Nob
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PolandKey Indicators Values Sources
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The emerging role of ebooks in Cent
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Nemokamospdfknygos (Aida Dubkeviči
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play a role for starting to change
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57 The Global eBook Report
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RussiaKey Indicators Values Sources
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OzonOzon is a general retailer sell
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tribute the PDFs they had received
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a company wants—and it should—t
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- Page 74 and 75: lion in 2008 to ¥60 million in 201
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- Page 78 and 79: tion. Of these, 73% youth are liter
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- Page 100 and 101: $1.8 billion”, equalling some 8%
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- Page 104 and 105: By January 2013, Kobo claimed to ow
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- Page 108 and 109: edition of the same titles is still
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- Page 114 and 115: Goodreads, launched by Otis Chandle
- Page 116 and 117: Regulatory frameworksThe litigation
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- Page 128 and 129: In France, the independent literary
- Page 130 and 131: eBook Yellow PagesThe eBook Yellow
- Page 132 and 133: dotbooksEdiciones B, founded in Bar
- Page 134 and 135: Neowood Éditions is a French digit
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- Page 159 and 160: INscribe, 139Integral, 139iStoryTim