1 Studies in the History of Statistics and Probability ... - Sheynin, Oscar

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17. The author had understandably chosen an ideologically safe cause. In 1959Kolmogorov (Sheynin 1998, p. 542) was much more specific. It was necessary, hestated, to express the desired optimal state of affairs in the national economy by asingle indicator. Read: to abandon the Marxian socially necessary labour asindicator of cost and measure cost in monetary units. O. S.18. This is an understandably mild expression. Actually, genetics was uprooted asdecided beforehand by the party’s leadership, many scientists severely persecuted(Vavilov, the world renown scholar, died in prison) and even Kolmogorov’s paper(1940),see below, was considered dangerous. In 1950, Gnedenko (Sheynin 1998, p.545) mildly criticized it (undoubtedly after discussing the matter with him). In 1948,Fisher most strongly condemned Lyssenko (Ibidem, p, 544).For the sake of comprehensiveness I add references to Lyssenko and Kolman, ahigh ranking party apparatchik who at the end of his life did not return from a visit tohis sister in Sweden and then published a book with a telltale title. O. S.19. This is hardly understandable. O. S.20. What does this mean actually? O. S.21. Is this really connected with the placebo effect? O. S.22. No explanation provided. Notation Ф usually meant the distribution functionof the normal law. O. S.23. This is my attempt of translating that expression from Russian. I did not find itin any other language. O. S.24. The author provided a wrong reference. O. S.25. This was a beloved expression of the Soviet press applied in appropriate cases.O. S.26. The initial aim of scholasticism was the study of Aristotelian philosophy butsoon it turned to uniting philosophy and theology. Accordingly, the first universitiesconsisted of three faculties devoted to theology, canon law and medicine so thatscholasticism had indeed been avidly taught there. It was gradually excluded by thedeveloping natural science although its structure proved useful for logic. One of itsteaching was the so-called probabilism, see [i, Note 3].Rabelais, in his immortal Gargantua and Pantagruel, had left a vivid picture ofthe benefits of gaining useful knowledge (rather than repeating Aristotle or ThomasAquinas). There also the problem of a possible marriage is shown to depend oncircumstances. O. S.27. Modern probability appeared in the 1930s when such notions as density hadbegun to be considered as mathematical entities. O. S.28. See [iv, Note 2]. O. S.BibliographyAlimov Ju. I. (1974 Ukrainian), On the application of methods of mathematicalstatistics to treating experimental data. Avtomatika, No. 2, pp. 21 – 33.Bolshev L. N., Smirnov S. V. (1967 Russian), Tablitsy Matematicheskoi Statistiki(Tables of Mathematical Statistics). Moscow, 1968.Borovkov A. A. (1972 Russian), Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Eine Einführung.Berlin, 1976.Cournot A. A. (1843), Exposition de la théorie des chances et des probabilités.Paris, 1984.Dieudonne J. (1966), Sovremennoe Razvitie Matematiki (Current Development ofMathematics). Coll. Translations. Place of publ. not provided. Original contributionnot named.Enin T. K. (1939 Russian), The results of an analysis of the assortment of hybridsof tomatoes. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 176 – 178. Alsopublished at about the same time in a foreign language in C. r. (Doklady) Acad. Sci.URSS.Ermolaeva N. I. (1939 Russian), Once more about the “pea laws”. Jarovizatsia,No. 2, pp. 79 – 86. Note the scornful term for the Mendelian laws.Gnedenko B. V. (1969 Russian), On Hilbert’s sixth problem. In ProblemyGilberta. Moscow, pp. 116 – 120. German translation of book: Die HilbertschenProbleme. Leipzig, 1971 (Ostwald Klassiker No. 252), see pp. 145 – 150.Gulyga A. V. (1975 Russian), Can science be immoral? Priroda, No. 12, pp. 45 –49.120
Kolman E. (1939 Russian), Perversion of mathematics at the service ofMendelism. Jarovizatsia, No. 3, pp. 70 – 73.--- (1940), Is it possible to prove or disprove Mendelism by mathematical andstatistical methods? C. r. (Doklady) Acad, Sci. l’URSS, vol. 28, pp. 834 – 838.--- (1982), We Should Not Have Lived That Way. New York. In Russian with anadditional English title.Kolmogorov A. N. (1933 German), Osnovnye Poniatia Teorii Veroiatnostei(Main Concepts of the Theory of Probability). Moscow, 1974.--- (1940), On a new confirmation of Mendel’s laws. C. r. (Doklady) Acad. Sci.l’URSS, vol. 28. No. 9, pp. 834 – 838.Laplace P.-S. (1796), Exposition du système du monde. Oeuvr. Compl., t. 6. Paris,1884. Reprint of edition of 1835.--- (1812), Théorie analytique des probabilités. Oeuvr. Compl., t. 7. Paris, 1886.--- (1814 French), Philosophical Essay on Probabilities. New York, 1995.Lomnicki A. (1923), Nouveaux fondements du calcul des probabilités. Fondam.Math., Bd. 4, pp. 34 – 71.Lyssenko T. D. (1940), In response to an article by A. N. Kolmogorov. C. r.(Doklady) Acad. Sci. l’URSS, vol. 28, pp. 832 – 833.Mises R. (1928), Wahrscheinlichkeit, Statistik und Wahrheit. Wien.Nalimov V. V., Mulchenko Z. M. (1969), Naukometria etc. (Science of Science.Study of the Development of Science As an Informational Process). Moscow.Planck M. (1960), Edinstvo Fizicheskoi Kartiny Mira (Unity of the PhysicalPicture of the World). Coll Translations. Moscow. Original contribution not named.Postnikov A. G. (1960), Arifmeticheskoe Modelirovanie Sluchainykh Prozessov(Arithmetical Modelling of Stochastic Processes). Moscow.Shafer G., Vovk V. (2001), Probability and Finance. It’s Only a Game. NewYork.Sheynin O. (1976), Laplace’s work on probability. Arch. Hist. Ex. Sci., vol. 16,pp. 137 – 187.--- (1977), Laplace’s theory of errors. Ibidem, vol. 17, pp. 1 – 61.--- (1998), Statistics in the Soviet epoch. Jahrbücher f. Nationalökonomie u.Statistik, Bd. 217, pp. 529 – 549.Timofeev V. A. (1960), Teoria i Praktika Analiza Resultatov Nabliudenii etc(Theory and Practice of Analysing the Results of Observation of Technical Objectsetc). Trudy Leningradsky Electro-Techn. Inst.--- (1973), Matematicheskie Osnovy Tekhnitcheskoi Kibernetiki (MathematicalElements of Technical Cybernetics). Lecture notes. Pensa.--- (1975), Inzenernye Metody Rashcheta i Issledovanie Dinamicheskih System.(Engineering Methods of Calculation and Study of Dynamic Systems). Leningrad.Tolstoi L. N. (1910), Put Zizni (The course of life). Poln. Sobr. Soch. (CompleteWorks), vol. 45.Truett J., Cornfield J., Kannel W. (1967), A multivariate analysis of the risk ofcoronary heart disease in Framingham. J. Chron. Diseases, vol. 20, pp. 511 – 524.Tutubalin V. N. (1972 Russian), Teoria Veroiatnostei (Theory of Probability).Moscow.121
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Studies in the History of Statistic
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Introduction by CompilerI am presen
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(Lect. Notes Math., No. 1021, 1983,
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sufficiently securely that a carefu
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is energy?) from chapter 4 of Feynm
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demand to apply transfinite numbers
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for stating that Ω consists of ele
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chances to draw a more suitable apa
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Let the space of elementary events
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2.3. Independence. When desiring to
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Eξ = ∑ aipi.Our form of definiti
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absolutely precisely if the pertine
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where x is any real number. If dens
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probability can be coupled with an
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Nowadays we are sure that no indepe
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λ = λ(T)with λ(T) being actually
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(1/B n )(m − A n )instead of the
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along with ξ. For example, if ξ i
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µ( − p0) ÷np0 (1 − p0)nhas an
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distribution of the maximal term |s
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ξ (ω) + ... + ξ (ω)n1n{ω :|
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P{max ξ(t) ≥ x} = 0.01, 0 ≤ t
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1. This example and considerations
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IIV. N. TutubalinTreatment of Obser
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structure of statistical methods, d
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Suppose that we have adopted the pa
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and the variances are inversely pro
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It is interesting therefore to see
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is applied with P(t) being a polyno
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ut some mathematical tricks describ
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It is clear therefore that no speci
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of various groups of machines, and
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nnA(λ) x sin λ t, B(λ) = x cosλ
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of the mathematical model of the Br
Page 69 and 70: dF(λ) = f (λ) dλ, so that B( t
Page 71 and 72: usually very little of them. Indeed
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Page 75 and 76: applications of the theory of stoch
Page 77 and 78: achieved by differentiating because
Page 79 and 80: u(x 1 , x 2 , t 1 , t 2 ) = v(x 1 ,
Page 81 and 82: Reasoning based on common sense and
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Page 85 and 86: IIIV. N. TutubalinThe Boundaries of
Page 87 and 88: periodograms. It occurred that work
Page 89 and 90: at point x = 1. However, preceding
Page 91 and 92: He concludes that since the action
Page 93 and 94: The verification of the truth of a
Page 95 and 96: In the purely scientific sense this
Page 97 and 98: ought to learn at once the simple t
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Page 101 and 102: values of (2.1) realized in the n e
Page 103 and 104: *several dozen. The totality µ ica
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Page 107 and 108: example, the problem of the objecti
Page 109 and 110: a linear function is not restricted
Page 111 and 112: 258 - 82 - 176 cases or 68.5% of al
Page 113 and 114: The Framingham investigation indeed
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Page 117 and 118: What objections can be made? First,
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Page 129 and 130: A rather subtle arsenal is develope
Page 131 and 132: 4.3. General remarks on §§ 4.1 an
Page 133 and 134: BibliographyAlimov Yu. I. (1976, 19
Page 135 and 136: processes are now going on in the s
Page 137 and 138: obtaining a deviation from the theo
Page 139 and 140: VIOscar SheyninOn the Bernoulli Law
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