Astroparticle Physics

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VIPrefaceand M.Sc. Mehmet T. Kurt (helped with the editing). The final appearance of the bookincluding many comments on the text, the figures, and the layout was accomplished byDipl.Phys. Tilo Stroh and M.Sc. Nadir Omar Hashim.Without the help of these people, it would have been impossible for me to complete thetranslation in any reasonable time, if at all. In particular, I would like to thank my colleagueProf. Dr. Torsten Fließbach, an expert on Einstein’s theory of general relativity, for his criticalassessment of the chapter on cosmology and for proposing significant improvements.Also the contributions by Dr. Glen Cowan on the new insights into the evolution of the earlyuniverse and related subjects are highly appreciated. Dr. Cowan has really added essentialingredients with the last chapters of the book. Finally, Prof. Dr. Simon Eidelman, Dr. ArminBöhrer, and Dipl.Phys. Tilo Stroh read the manuscript with great care and made invaluablecomments. I thank all my friends for their help in creating this English version of my book.Siegen, February 2005Claus Grupen
Page 2: Astroparticle Physics
Page 6: Prof. Dr. Claus GrupenUniversity of
Page 14: PrefaceVIIPreface to the German Edi
Page 18: IXTable of Contents“The most tech
Page 22: Table of ContentsXI8 Cosmology ....
Page 26: Table of ContentsXIIIA Mathematical
Page 32: 2 1 Historical IntroductionFig. 1.1
Page 36: 4 1 Historical IntroductionFig. 1.3
Page 40: 6 1 Historical Introductionintensit
Page 44: 8 1 Historical Introduction1.2 Disc
Page 48: 10 1 Historical Introductionsolar w
Page 52: 12 1 Historical IntroductionBigBang
Page 56: 14 1 Historical Introductioncharmed
Page 60: 16 1 Historical IntroductionW + ,W
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18 1 Historical IntroductionHiggs p
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212 The Standard Modelof Elementary
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2 The Standard Model of Elementary
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2.1 Examples of Interaction Process
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2.1 Examples of Interaction Process
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2.2 Problems 33metric. At very high
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36 3 Kinematics and Cross SectionsE
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38 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections
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40 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionse
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42 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionsd
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44 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections(
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46 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections3
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48 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionsw
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50 4 Physics of Particle and Radiat
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64 5 Acceleration Mechanisms5.1 Cyc
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66 5 Acceleration Mechanismsprovide
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68 5 Acceleration MechanismsOn aver
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70 5 Acceleration Mechanismsgravita
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72 5 Acceleration Mechanismsnormal
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74 5 Acceleration MechanismsFig. 5.
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76 5 Acceleration Mechanismsln(1 +
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78 6 Primary Cosmic Rays6.1 Charged
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80 6 Primary Cosmic RaysThe all-par
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82 6 Primary Cosmic Rays10 19 eV (
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84 6 Primary Cosmic Raysantiparticl
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86 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.7Ske
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88 6 Primary Cosmic Raysneutrino te
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90 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.11Mo
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92 6 Primary Cosmic Raystau product
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94 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.16Ra
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96 6 Primary Cosmic RaysDavis exper
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98 6 Primary Cosmic RaysMSW effect
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100 6 Primary Cosmic Rays6.2.3 Supe
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102 6 Primary Cosmic Raysflavours.
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104 6 Primary Cosmic Raysis extreme
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106 6 Primary Cosmic Raysneutrino d
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108 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.30A
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110 6 Primary Cosmic RaysAn importa
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112 6 Primary Cosmic Rays -photonpr
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114 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.38S
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116 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.42M
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118 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.46A
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120 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.47L
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122 6 Primary Cosmic Rayssupernova,
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124 6 Primary Cosmic Raysballoon ex
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126 6 Primary Cosmic Rayscess becau
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128 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.53P
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130 6 Primary Cosmic RaysROSAT HRI2
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132 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.59C
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134 6 Primary Cosmic Rayslow intera
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136 6 Primary Cosmic Rayswould prob
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138 6 Primary Cosmic Raysb) Estimat
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140 6 Primary Cosmic Rays1 − cos
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142 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysFig. 7.3
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148 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysmuonsfro
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150 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysIn addit
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156 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysCygnus X
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160 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysatmosphe
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162 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysextensiv
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164 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysof these
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166 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysλ γγ
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168 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysactive g
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170 7 Secondary Cosmic Rays5. Figur
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172 8 CosmologyBig Bang Nucleosynth
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174 8 Cosmologytype-Ia supernovae
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176 8 CosmologyFig. 8.2Two galaxies
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178 8 CosmologyNewtonian gravityBir
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180 8 Cosmologywhere k is the curva
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182 8 Cosmology8.5 The Fluid Equati
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184 8 Cosmologyask whether this att
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186 8 Cosmology8.8 Experimental Evi
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188 8 Cosmology24Ω m,0 ,Ω Λ,00.2
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190 8 CosmologyGM 2R > 3 2 kT M µ
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192 9 The Early UniverseSchwarzschi
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194 9 The Early Universe9.2.1 Energ
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196 9 The Early Universeyears), it
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198 9 The Early Universeg ∗ = 28
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200 9 The Early Universewhich relat
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202 9 The Early Universe9.3.1 Digre
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204 9 The Early UniverseTable 9.2Th
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206 9 The Early Universebaryogenesi
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208 9 The Early Universenet baryon
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210 9 The Early Universebaryon-numb
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212 9 The Early Universeϱ = π 230
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214 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisbary
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216 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis10.3
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218 10 Big Bang NucleosynthesisIgno
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220 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisquic
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222 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisfine
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224 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisdeut
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226 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis10.7
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228 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesishad
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230 11 The Cosmic Microwave Backgro
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246 12 Inflation12.1 The Horizon Pr
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248 12 InflationΩ at the Planck ti
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250 12 Inflationcausally isolated r
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252 12 InflationOne can now ask wha
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254 12 Inflationexcitation of this
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256 12 InflationFig. 12.3Schematic
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258 12 Inflationinflationary period
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260 12 Inflationdilutionof magnetic
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262 12 InflationFig. 12.4Measuremen
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264 12 InflationΩ gravity waves =
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266 13 Dark Matterearly universedev
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268 13 Dark Mattermass density54321
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270 13 Dark Matterbrown dwarvesFig.
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272 13 Dark MatterNACHOsultracold g
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274 13 Dark Matterneutrinosas free
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276 13 Dark Mattersupersymmetric ex
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278 13 Dark MatterIt is not totally
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280 13 Dark Mattertrue vacuumcosmol
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282 13 Dark Matterpropertiesof non-
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284 13 Dark MatterquintessenceBoome
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286 13 Dark Matter3. Derive the Fer
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288 14 Astrobiologyage of life on E
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290 14 Astrobiologybeen the result
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29315 Outlook“My goal is simple.
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15 Outlook 295also the cosmological
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15.1 Problems 29715.1 Problems1. It
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300 16 GlossaryMeasurement of exten
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302 16 GlossaryAn asymmetry created
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304 16 GlossarySensitive resistance
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306 16 GlossaryA Friedmann-Lemaîtr
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308 16 GlossaryThe cosmological con
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310 16 GlossaryThe apparent change
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312 16 GlossaryFermi-Dirac distribu
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314 16 GlossaryExtragalactic gamma-
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316 16 GlossaryHawking radiationHaw
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318 16 GlossaryNuclei of fixed char
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320 16 GlossaryTotal light emission
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322 16 GlossaryMpcMSW effectMtheory
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324 16 GlossaryOA Friedmann-Lemaît
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326 16 GlossaryRotating neutron sta
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328 16 GlossaryThe number of neutra
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330 16 GlossaryOr cascade. High-ene
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332 16 GlossaryPhenomenon of appare
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334 16 Glossarytime-reversal invari
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336 16 GlossaryXX bosonXMM-NewtonX-
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338 17 Solutionsv 2 = r 2 ω 2 = G
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340 17 SolutionsWithµ = 1.67 × 10
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342 17 Solutionsor2m e (E e + + m e
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344 17 Solutions2. The relative ene
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346 17 Solutions17.5 Chapter 51. a)
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348 17 Solutions17.6 Chapter 6Sect.
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350 17 Solutionsc) With the numbers
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352 17 SolutionsSolid angle: Ω =A4
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354 17 SolutionsThe solution of thi
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356 17 SolutionsSect. 6.51. E = GMm
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358 17 SolutionsN 1 (> 2GeV) = a∫
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360 17 Solutions2E kin = 3kT M µ =
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362 17 Solutions7. An observer in e
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364 17 SolutionsWith the ansatzR =
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366 17 Solutions(Solve for v ∗ :
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368 17 Solutions17.11 Chapter 111.
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370 17 Solutionsb) At last scatteri
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372 17 Solutions4.( ) 2R 0 t0 3= ,R
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374 17 SolutionsThe axion mass does
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376 17 Solutions100 kg kgW 0 = = 50
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378 17 SolutionsThis results inM pl
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381A Mathematical AppendixA.1 Selec
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A.1 Selected Formulae 383∫e x dx
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A.2 Mathematics for Angular Variati
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A.2 Mathematics for Angular Variati
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389B Results from Statistical Physi
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B.1 Statistical Mechanics Review 39
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B.2 Number and Energy Densities 397
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B.3 Equations of State 399which rel
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401C Definition of Equatorialand Ga
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403D Important Constants for Astrop
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405References“References are like
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407Further Reading“Education is t
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Further Reading 409Ulf Borgeest, Ka
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Further Reading 411M. A. Bucher, D.
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414 Photo Credits{20} ESA/XMM-Newto
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416 Indexanisotropy, 85, 86- cosmic
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418 Index- of hydrogen, 94, 222, 22
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420 Index- parameters, 243- - deter
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422 Indexeffective number of degree
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424 IndexFeynman diagram, 26, 98, 2
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426 IndexHarrison-Zel’dovich spec
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428 IndexKoshiba, M., 13kpc, 318, s
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430 Index- standard, see StandardMo
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432 Index- primary, energy spectrum
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434 Indexplanet, extrasolar, 18plan
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436 Indexrange- relation, energy-,
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438 Index- dark, 269- double, see b
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440 Indexuncertainty- principle, se
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