Astroparticle Physics

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408 Further ReadingWeb site of the ALEPH collaboration: alephwww.cern.ch, and the ALEPH publicpages, alephwww.cern.ch/Public.html.C. L. Bennett et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148 (2003) 1; map.gsfc.nasa.gov.Keith A. Olive, Primordial Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, astro-ph/9901231 (1999).R. Hagedorn, Relativistic Kinematics, W. A. Benjamin Inc. Reading, Mass., 1963.Otto C. Allkofer, Fortschr. d. Physik 15, 113–196, 1967.S. Hayakawa, Cosmic Ray Physics, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1969.Albrecht Unsöld, Der Neue Kosmos, Springer, Heidelberg, 1974.Otto C. Allkofer, Introduction to Cosmic Radiation, Thiemig, München, 1975.D. J. Adams, Cosmic X-ray Astronomy, Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1980.Joseph Silk, The Big Bang – The Creation and Evolution of the Universe, Freeman, NewYork, 1980.Frank H. Shu, The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy, Univ. Science Books,Mill Valley, California, 1982.Rodney Hillier, Gamma-Ray Astronomy, Oxford Studies in Physics, Clarendon Press, Oxford1984.O. C. Allkofer, P. K. F. Grieder, Cosmic Rays on Earth, Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe,1984.Hans Schäfer, Elektromagnetische Strahlung – Informationen aus dem Weltall, Vieweg,Wiesbaden, 1985.W. D. Arnett et al., Supernova 1987A, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophysics 27 (1989) 629–700.Thomas K. Gaisser, Cosmic Rays and Particle Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1990.John Gribbin, Auf der Suche nach dem Omega-Punkt, Piper, München, 1990.Martin Pohl, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Exoten im Gamma-Licht, Astronomie heute, Bild derWissenschaft 3, S. 92/93, 1993.Neil Gehrels et al., The Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, Scientific American, 38–45,Dec. 1993.Charles D. Dermer, Reinhard Schlickeiser, Astrophys. J. 416 (1993) 458–484.J. W. Rohlf, Modern Physics from α to Z 0 , J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.T. Kifune, The Prospects for Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy, Inst. f. CosmicRay Research, Univ. Tokyo, ICRR-326-94-21, 1994.H. V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, A. Staudt, Teilchenphysik ohne Beschleuniger, Teubner,Stuttgart, 1995.Kitty Ferguson, Das Universum des Stephen Hawking, Econ, Düsseldorf, 1995.
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Astroparticle Physics
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Prof. Dr. Claus GrupenUniversity of
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VIPrefaceand M.Sc. Mehmet T. Kurt (
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VIIIPrefaceOn top of that, the basi
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XTable of Contents5 Acceleration Me
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XIITable of Contents11 The Cosmic M
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11 Historical Introduction“Look i
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1.1 Discoveries in the 20th Century
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1.2 Discoveries of New Elementary P
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1.3 Start of the Satellite Era 11ex
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1.3 Start of the Satellite Era 13CO
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1.3 Start of the Satellite Era 1519
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1.4 Open Questions 171989) and at e
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1.5 Problems 191.5 Problems1. Work
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22 2 The Standard Model of Elementa
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}28 2 The Standard Model of Element
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353 Kinematics and Cross Sections
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3.1 Threshold Energies 373.1 Thresh
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3.2 Four-Vectors 39Example 3: Consi
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3.2 Four-Vectors 41Example 6: Muon
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3.2 Four-Vectors 43Because of E γ2
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3.3 Lorentz Transformation 45energi
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3.5 Problems 47If j is the particle
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494 Physics of Particleand Radiatio
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4.2 Interaction Processes Used for
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4.2 Interaction Processes Used for
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4.3 Principles of the Atmospheric A
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4.4 Special Aspects of Photon Detec
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4.6 Propagation and Interactions of
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4.8 Problems 61board of a satellite
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635 Acceleration Mechanisms“Physi
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5.2 Acceleration by Sunspot Pairs 6
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5.3 Shock Acceleration 67The ejecte
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5.5 Pulsars 69Since this accelerati
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5.6 Binaries 71one obtains, using E
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5.7 Energy Spectra of Primary Parti
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5.7 Energy Spectra of Primary Parti
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776 Primary Cosmic Rays“It will b
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6.1 Charged Component of Primary Co
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 87is only co
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 89ν e + e
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 91For an ass
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 93upward-goi
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 957 Be + p
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 97A reconstr
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 99nos (or in
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 101In the ho
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 103The exper
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 105muon spec
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6.2 Neutrino Astronomy 107The setup
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 109All parts of
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 111The energy s
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 1136.3.3 Measur
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 115v = c n = 29
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 117The relation
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 119Future space
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6.3 Gamma Astronomy 121γ -ray burs
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6.4 X-Ray Astronomy 123bursters all
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6.4 X-Ray Astronomy 125synchrotron
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6.4 X-Ray Astronomy 127In 1952 Wolt
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6.4 X-Ray Astronomy 129In 1959 the
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6.4 X-Ray Astronomy 131Measurements
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6.5 Gravitational-Wave Astronomy 13
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6.5 Gravitational-Wave Astronomy 13
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6.6 Problems 1373. Radiation exposu
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6.6 Problems 139the star and its te
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1417 Secondary Cosmic Rays“There
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7.1 Propagation in the Atmosphere 1
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7.1 Propagation in the Atmosphere 1
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7.2 Cosmic Rays at Sea Level 1477.2
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7.2 Cosmic Rays at Sea Level 149muo
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7.3 Cosmic Rays Underground 151N(ν
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7.3 Cosmic Rays Underground 153[ a
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7.3 Cosmic Rays Underground 155Fig.
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7.4 Extensive Air Showers 157hadron
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7.4 Extensive Air Showers 159precis
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7.4 Extensive Air Showers 161primar
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7.5 Nature and Origin of the Highes
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7.6 Problems 169‘Milky Way’ of
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1718 Cosmology“As far as the laws
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8.1 The Hubble Expansion 173isotrop
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8.2 The Isotropic and Homogeneous U
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8.3 The Friedmann Equation from New
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8.4 The Friedmann Equation from Gen
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8.4 The Friedmann Equation from Gen
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8.7 Nature of Solutions to the Frie
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8.7 Nature of Solutions to the Frie
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8.8 Experimental Evidence for the V
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8.9 Problems 189where E max is the
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1919 The Early Universe“Who cares
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9.2 Thermodynamics of the Early Uni
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9.3 Solving the Friedmann Equation
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9.3 Solving the Friedmann Equation
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9.4 Thermal History of the First Te
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9.5 The Baryon Asymmetry of the Uni
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9.6 Problems 211investigation of CP
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21310 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis“In
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10.2 Start of the BBN Era 215these
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10.3 The Neutron-to-Proton Ratio 21
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10.4 Neutrino Decoupling, Positron
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10.5 Synthesis of Light Nuclei 221i
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10.6 Detailed BBN 223Fig. 10.4Evolu
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10.6 Detailed BBN 225prediction for
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10.7 Constraints on the Number of N
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22911 The Cosmic MicrowaveBackgroun
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11.2 Discovery and Basic Properties
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11.3 Formation of the CMB 23311.3 F
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11.4 CMB Anisotropies 235Once the p
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11.5 The Monopole and Dipole Terms
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11.6 Determination of Cosmological
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24512 Inflation“Inflation hasn’
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12.2 The Flatness Problem 247Althou
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12.3 The Monopole Problem 249place
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12.4 How Inflation Works 251the pre
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12.5 Mechanisms for Inflation 253On
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12.5 Mechanisms for Inflation 255th
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12.6 Solution to the Flatness Probl
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12.8 Solution to the Monopole Probl
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12.9 Inflation and the Growth of St
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12.10 Outlook on Inflation 263years
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26513 Dark Matter“There is a theo
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13.2 Motivation for Dark Matter 267
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13.3 Problems 285map of about 1 ◦
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28714 Astrobiology“In the beginni
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14 Astrobiology 289on the chances t
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14.1 Problems 2913. What determines
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294 15 OutlookTheory of Everythingo
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296 15 Outlookmatter dominanceprimo
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29916 Glossary“A good notation ha
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16 Glossary 301The antiparticle of
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16 Glossary 303The Big Rip is a cos
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16 Glossary 305Stars which have rap
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16 Glossary 307A quantity is conser
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16 Glossary 309X-ray binary consist
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16 Glossary 311The electron and its
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16 Glossary 313Particle detector fo
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16 Glossary 315The interaction of p
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16 Glossary 317High Resolution Imag
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16 Glossary 319Short for Large Elec
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16 Glossary 321Distant galaxies wit
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16 Glossary 323Transmutation of a n
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16 Glossary 325See fermion.The poin
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16 Glossary 327Quantum anomalies ca
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16 Glossary 329The metric describin
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16 Glossary 331This theory refers t
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16 Glossary 333Particles whose spin
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16 Glossary 335(c) The value of the
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33717 Solutions“The precise state
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17.1 Chapter 1 3394. By definition
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17.2 Chapter 2 3412. For any unstab
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17.4 Chapter 4 3434.p b❅■ ✒
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17.4 Chapter 4 3455. From the expre
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17.5 Chapter 5 347Consequences:The
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17.6 Chapter 6 3493. a) The average
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17.6 Chapter 6 351b) On both sides
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17.6 Chapter 6 353This gives the sc
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17.6 Chapter 6 3555. Measured flux
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17.7 Chapter 7 3574. N(> E,R) = A(a
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17.8 Chapter 8 359Since E = hν = h
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17.8 Chapter 8 3615. Photon mass m
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17.9 Chapter 9 3639. Schwarzschild
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17.9 Chapter 9 365which is the Schw
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17.10 Chapter 10 367whereσ√hadr
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17.11 Chapter 11 3694. Planck distr
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17.12 Chapter 12 371The related mas
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17.13 Chapter 13 373(p ′ W −m W
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17.14 Chapter 14 375The mass of a t
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17.14 Chapter 14 3770 = ddT[ 1 (T 3
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17.15 Chapter 15 3790 =−F eff (r)
Page 792: 382 A Mathematical Appendixexamples
Page 796: 384 A Mathematical AppendixPoisson
Page 800: 386 A Mathematical Appendix‘perio
Page 804: 388 A Mathematical AppendixLaplace
Page 808: 390 B Results from Statistical Phys
Page 832: 402 C Definition of Equatorial and
Page 836: 404 D Important Constants for Astro
Page 840: 406 References[23] Ralph A. Alpher
Page 846: Further Reading 409Ulf Borgeest, Ka
Page 850: Further Reading 411M. A. Bucher, D.
Page 856: 414 Photo Credits{20} ESA/XMM-Newto
Page 860: 416 Indexanisotropy, 85, 86- cosmic
Page 864: 418 Index- of hydrogen, 94, 222, 22
Page 868: 420 Index- parameters, 243- - deter
Page 872: 422 Indexeffective number of degree
Page 876: 424 IndexFeynman diagram, 26, 98, 2
Page 880: 426 IndexHarrison-Zel’dovich spec
Page 884: 428 IndexKoshiba, M., 13kpc, 318, s
Page 888: 430 Index- standard, see StandardMo
Page 892: 432 Index- primary, energy spectrum
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434 Indexplanet, extrasolar, 18plan
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436 Indexrange- relation, energy-,
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438 Index- dark, 269- double, see b
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440 Indexuncertainty- principle, se
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