Astroparticle Physics

424 IndexFeynman diagram, 26, 98, 216,276, 312Feynman graph, see Feynmandiagramfield– excitation, quantum, 253– Higgs, see Higgs field– inflaton, 255– magnetic, see magnetic field– scalar, see scalar field– theory– – interaction, 255– – potential, 254– – quantum, 253, 327fine-tuned parameters, 222,289fission, nuclear, 312, 323fixed-target experiment, 312flare, 312– solar, 330flash, X-ray, 130flat geometry, 241flat rotational curve, 267, 268flat universe, see universe, flatflatness problem, 246, 248,256, 312flavour, 23, 25, 312– neutrino, 91, 98, 101– quark, 28, 30– – violation, 31fluctuations– density, 237, 240, 256, 260,309– potential, 284– quantum, 181, 256, 266,281, 282fluid equation, 182, 200, 312,400fluorescence technique, 79,159flux– atmospheric, of particles,144– density, electron and proton,141– muon, at sea level, 147– neutrino, cosmic, 104– of gamma rays, 207– WIMP, 278Fly’s Eye, 160, 166, 313– technique, 53, 159, 161Forbush, S. E., 10force– centrifugal, 267– electroweak, 293– gravitational, 267–Lorentz,6formation– neutron star, 66, 100–ofcosmicmicrowavebackground, 233– of elements, 77, 120– of galaxies, 13, 237, 281,282, 284– of structure, universe, 261,266four– -momentum, 40, 313– – vector, 39– -vector, 39, 313Fourier series, coefficients, 261fragmentation, 78, 313frame, rest, local, 237free parameters, StandardModel, 287freedom, asymptotic, 16, 21,301freeze-out temperature,neutron-to-proton ratio,217–219, 226, 228Freier, P., 10Frejus experiment, 156Friedmann– equation, 177, 178, 179,183, 198, 247, 251, 313– – matter dominance, 230– – solving, 199– –Lemaître universes, 313full width at half maximum(FWHM), 385functions– orthogonal, 387– spherical harmonics, 385,386– trigonometric and exponential,382fundamental particle, 313fusion, 10, 66, 79, 94, 130,313, 323– deuterium, 231– endotherm, 66– of hydrogen, 288– processes, solar, 94, 95– successive, 66galactic– center, 108, 117, 118– coordinates, 401, 402– disk, 118, 267, 271– dust, 269– γ rays, 117– gas, 267– halo, 267, see halo, galactic– latitude, 402– longitude, 402– lower limits on neutrinomasses, 274– magnetic field, 81, 313– neutrinos, 104– nucleus, 267– – active, see active galacticnucleigalaxy, 129, 131, 176, 177,265, 269– 3C134, 162– 3C273, 108– active, 299– Andromeda, 271, 300– at high redshift, 132– cluster, 129, 131, 265, 282,306, 313– – Abell 754, 132– – dynamics, 269, 283– – X rays from, 130– density, 261– dynamics, 17, 269, 272, 281,283– elliptical, 311– formation, 13, 237, 281,282, 284– groups, 131– M81, 130– M87, 320– Markarian, 17, 108, 119,165, 321