Astroparticle Physics

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Table of ContentsXIIIA Mathematical Appendix ............................................ 381A.1 SelectedFormulae............................................... 381A.2 Mathematics for Angular Variations of the CMB ..................... 385B Results from Statistical Physics: Thermodynamics of the Early Universe ... 389B.1 Statistical Mechanics Review ..................................... 390B.2 Number and Energy Densities ..................................... 396B.3 EquationsofState............................................... 398C Definition of Equatorial and Galactic Coordinates ...................... 401Important Constants for Astroparticle Physics ............................. 403References ........................................................... 405Further Reading ...................................................... 407Photo Credits ......................................................... 412Index ................................................................ 415
Page 2: Astroparticle Physics
Page 6: Prof. Dr. Claus GrupenUniversity of
Page 12: VIPrefaceand M.Sc. Mehmet T. Kurt (
Page 16: VIIIPrefaceOn top of that, the basi
Page 20: XTable of Contents5 Acceleration Me
Page 24: XIITable of Contents11 The Cosmic M
Page 32: 2 1 Historical IntroductionFig. 1.1
Page 36: 4 1 Historical IntroductionFig. 1.3
Page 40: 6 1 Historical Introductionintensit
Page 44: 8 1 Historical Introduction1.2 Disc
Page 48: 10 1 Historical Introductionsolar w
Page 52: 12 1 Historical IntroductionBigBang
Page 56: 14 1 Historical Introductioncharmed
Page 60: 16 1 Historical IntroductionW + ,W
Page 64: 18 1 Historical IntroductionHiggs p
Page 70: 212 The Standard Modelof Elementary
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2 The Standard Model of Elementary
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2.1 Examples of Interaction Process
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2.1 Examples of Interaction Process
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2.2 Problems 33metric. At very high
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36 3 Kinematics and Cross SectionsE
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38 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections
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40 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionse
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42 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionsd
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44 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections(
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46 3 Kinematics and Cross Sections3
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48 3 Kinematics and Cross Sectionsw
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50 4 Physics of Particle and Radiat
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64 5 Acceleration Mechanisms5.1 Cyc
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66 5 Acceleration Mechanismsprovide
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68 5 Acceleration MechanismsOn aver
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70 5 Acceleration Mechanismsgravita
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72 5 Acceleration Mechanismsnormal
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74 5 Acceleration MechanismsFig. 5.
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76 5 Acceleration Mechanismsln(1 +
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78 6 Primary Cosmic Rays6.1 Charged
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80 6 Primary Cosmic RaysThe all-par
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82 6 Primary Cosmic Rays10 19 eV (
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84 6 Primary Cosmic Raysantiparticl
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86 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.7Ske
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88 6 Primary Cosmic Raysneutrino te
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90 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.11Mo
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92 6 Primary Cosmic Raystau product
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94 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.16Ra
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96 6 Primary Cosmic RaysDavis exper
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98 6 Primary Cosmic RaysMSW effect
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100 6 Primary Cosmic Rays6.2.3 Supe
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102 6 Primary Cosmic Raysflavours.
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104 6 Primary Cosmic Raysis extreme
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106 6 Primary Cosmic Raysneutrino d
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108 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.30A
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110 6 Primary Cosmic RaysAn importa
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112 6 Primary Cosmic Rays -photonpr
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114 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.38S
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116 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.42M
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118 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.46A
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120 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.47L
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122 6 Primary Cosmic Rayssupernova,
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124 6 Primary Cosmic Raysballoon ex
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126 6 Primary Cosmic Rayscess becau
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128 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.53P
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130 6 Primary Cosmic RaysROSAT HRI2
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132 6 Primary Cosmic RaysFig. 6.59C
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134 6 Primary Cosmic Rayslow intera
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136 6 Primary Cosmic Rayswould prob
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138 6 Primary Cosmic Raysb) Estimat
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140 6 Primary Cosmic Rays1 − cos
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142 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysFig. 7.3
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148 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysmuonsfro
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150 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysIn addit
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156 7 Secondary Cosmic RaysCygnus X
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160 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysatmosphe
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162 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysextensiv
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164 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysof these
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166 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysλ γγ
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168 7 Secondary Cosmic Raysactive g
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170 7 Secondary Cosmic Rays5. Figur
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172 8 CosmologyBig Bang Nucleosynth
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174 8 Cosmologytype-Ia supernovae
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176 8 CosmologyFig. 8.2Two galaxies
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178 8 CosmologyNewtonian gravityBir
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180 8 Cosmologywhere k is the curva
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182 8 Cosmology8.5 The Fluid Equati
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184 8 Cosmologyask whether this att
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186 8 Cosmology8.8 Experimental Evi
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188 8 Cosmology24Ω m,0 ,Ω Λ,00.2
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190 8 CosmologyGM 2R > 3 2 kT M µ
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192 9 The Early UniverseSchwarzschi
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194 9 The Early Universe9.2.1 Energ
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196 9 The Early Universeyears), it
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198 9 The Early Universeg ∗ = 28
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200 9 The Early Universewhich relat
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202 9 The Early Universe9.3.1 Digre
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204 9 The Early UniverseTable 9.2Th
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206 9 The Early Universebaryogenesi
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208 9 The Early Universenet baryon
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210 9 The Early Universebaryon-numb
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212 9 The Early Universeϱ = π 230
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214 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisbary
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216 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis10.3
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218 10 Big Bang NucleosynthesisIgno
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220 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisquic
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222 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisfine
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224 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesisdeut
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226 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis10.7
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228 10 Big Bang Nucleosynthesishad
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230 11 The Cosmic Microwave Backgro
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246 12 Inflation12.1 The Horizon Pr
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248 12 InflationΩ at the Planck ti
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250 12 Inflationcausally isolated r
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252 12 InflationOne can now ask wha
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254 12 Inflationexcitation of this
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256 12 InflationFig. 12.3Schematic
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258 12 Inflationinflationary period
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260 12 Inflationdilutionof magnetic
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262 12 InflationFig. 12.4Measuremen
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264 12 InflationΩ gravity waves =
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266 13 Dark Matterearly universedev
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268 13 Dark Mattermass density54321
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270 13 Dark Matterbrown dwarvesFig.
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272 13 Dark MatterNACHOsultracold g
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274 13 Dark Matterneutrinosas free
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276 13 Dark Mattersupersymmetric ex
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278 13 Dark MatterIt is not totally
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280 13 Dark Mattertrue vacuumcosmol
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282 13 Dark Matterpropertiesof non-
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284 13 Dark MatterquintessenceBoome
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286 13 Dark Matter3. Derive the Fer
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288 14 Astrobiologyage of life on E
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290 14 Astrobiologybeen the result
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29315 Outlook“My goal is simple.
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15 Outlook 295also the cosmological
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15.1 Problems 29715.1 Problems1. It
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300 16 GlossaryMeasurement of exten
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302 16 GlossaryAn asymmetry created
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304 16 GlossarySensitive resistance
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306 16 GlossaryA Friedmann-Lemaîtr
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308 16 GlossaryThe cosmological con
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310 16 GlossaryThe apparent change
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312 16 GlossaryFermi-Dirac distribu
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314 16 GlossaryExtragalactic gamma-
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316 16 GlossaryHawking radiationHaw
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318 16 GlossaryNuclei of fixed char
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320 16 GlossaryTotal light emission
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322 16 GlossaryMpcMSW effectMtheory
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324 16 GlossaryOA Friedmann-Lemaît
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326 16 GlossaryRotating neutron sta
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328 16 GlossaryThe number of neutra
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330 16 GlossaryOr cascade. High-ene
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332 16 GlossaryPhenomenon of appare
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334 16 Glossarytime-reversal invari
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336 16 GlossaryXX bosonXMM-NewtonX-
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338 17 Solutionsv 2 = r 2 ω 2 = G
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340 17 SolutionsWithµ = 1.67 × 10
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342 17 Solutionsor2m e (E e + + m e
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344 17 Solutions2. The relative ene
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346 17 Solutions17.5 Chapter 51. a)
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348 17 Solutions17.6 Chapter 6Sect.
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350 17 Solutionsc) With the numbers
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352 17 SolutionsSolid angle: Ω =A4
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354 17 SolutionsThe solution of thi
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356 17 SolutionsSect. 6.51. E = GMm
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358 17 SolutionsN 1 (> 2GeV) = a∫
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360 17 Solutions2E kin = 3kT M µ =
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362 17 Solutions7. An observer in e
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364 17 SolutionsWith the ansatzR =
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366 17 Solutions(Solve for v ∗ :
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368 17 Solutions17.11 Chapter 111.
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370 17 Solutionsb) At last scatteri
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372 17 Solutions4.( ) 2R 0 t0 3= ,R
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374 17 SolutionsThe axion mass does
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376 17 Solutions100 kg kgW 0 = = 50
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378 17 SolutionsThis results inM pl
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381A Mathematical AppendixA.1 Selec
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A.1 Selected Formulae 383∫e x dx
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A.2 Mathematics for Angular Variati
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A.2 Mathematics for Angular Variati
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389B Results from Statistical Physi
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B.1 Statistical Mechanics Review 39
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B.2 Number and Energy Densities 397
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B.3 Equations of State 399which rel
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401C Definition of Equatorialand Ga
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403D Important Constants for Astrop
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405References“References are like
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407Further Reading“Education is t
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Further Reading 409Ulf Borgeest, Ka
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Further Reading 411M. A. Bucher, D.
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414 Photo Credits{20} ESA/XMM-Newto
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416 Indexanisotropy, 85, 86- cosmic
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418 Index- of hydrogen, 94, 222, 22
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420 Index- parameters, 243- - deter
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422 Indexeffective number of degree
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424 IndexFeynman diagram, 26, 98, 2
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426 IndexHarrison-Zel’dovich spec
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428 IndexKoshiba, M., 13kpc, 318, s
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430 Index- standard, see StandardMo
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432 Index- primary, energy spectrum
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434 Indexplanet, extrasolar, 18plan
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436 Indexrange- relation, energy-,
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438 Index- dark, 269- double, see b
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440 Indexuncertainty- principle, se
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