Astroparticle Physics

304 16 GlossarySensitive resistance thermometer for the measurement of small en-ergy depositions.bolometerBoltzmann constantBose–Einstein distributionbosonbottom quarkBrahebranebremsstrahlungbrown dwarvesCCalabi–Yau spacecarbon cyclecascadeCasimir effectA constant of nature which describes the relation between the temperatureand kinetic energy for atoms or molecules in an ideal gas.The energy distribution of bosons in its dependence on the temperature.A particle with integer spin. The spin is measured in units of ¯h (spins = 0, 1, 2,...). All particles are either fermions or bosons. Gaugebosons are associated with fundamental interactions or forces,which act between the fermions. Composite particles with an evennumber of fermion constituents (e.g., consisting of a quark and antiquark)are also bosons.b; the fifth quark flavour (if the quarks are ordered with increasingmass). The b quark has the electric charge − 1 3 e.Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, whose accurate astronomicalobservations form the basis for Johannes Kepler’s laws of planetarymotion. The supernova remnant SNR 1572 (Tycho) is named afterBrahe.Branes are higher-dimensional generalisations of strings. A p braneis a space-time object with p spatial dimensions.Emission of electromagnetic radiation when a charged particle isdecelerated in the Coulomb field of a nucleus. Bremsstrahlung canalso be emitted during the deceleration of a charged particle in theCoulomb field of an electron or any other charge.Low-mass stars (< 0.08 solar masses), in which thermonuclearreactions do not ignite, which, however, still shine because gravitationalenergy is transformed into electromagnetic radiation duringa slow shrinking process of the objects.Complex space of higher dimension, which has become popular forthe compactification of extraspatial dimensions in the frameworkof string theories.See Bethe–Weizsäcker cycle.See shower.A reduction in the number of virtual particles between two flat parallelmetal plates in vacuum compared to the surrounding leads toa measurable attractive force between the plates.