Astroparticle Physics

434 Indexplanet, extrasolar, 18planetary nebula, 325plasma, primordial, 240, 241plethora of universes, 290Poisson distribution, 384polar angle, 235Politzer, H. D., 16Pontecorvo, B., 13positron, 326– annihilation, 120, 207, 218,219, 326– collision with electron, 226– discovery, 8– generation, 84– in rock, 154– in shower, 157– primary, 84– secondary, 144, 150potassium-40 ( 40 K) activity,106potential– chemical, 193, 305, 389,395, 397– – high temperatures, 397– energy, 280– fluctuations, 284– Higgs, 254– in field theory, 254Powell, C. F., 9power law, 261– primary cosmic rays, 75power series, 381power source, 63power spectrum, 261, 284, 326– angular, cosmic microwavebackground, 236, 238, 239,242, 243, 385, 388– measurement, 262predicted– 4 He mass fraction, 226– abundances, 224pressure, 214, 252, 389, 399– degeneracy, 309– general expression, 400– negative, 186, 198, 252, 284,322, 400– non-relativistic, 400– radiation, 66, 241, 327– relativistic limit, 400– scalar field, 254– wave, 284primordial– abundance, 15– – deuterium, 223– – helium-3 ( 3 He), 224– – helium-4 ( 4 He), 22– – light elements, 222– antimatter, 296– black hole, see black hole,mini– cosmic rays, 77– elements, mass and numberfraction, 223– helium-4 ( 4 He) massfraction, 223– neutrinos, number density,272– nucleosynthesis, 326,see also Big Bangnucleosynthesis– particle, 326– plasma, 240, 241– radioactive elements, 287– supersymmetric particles,277principle– anthropic, 290, 300– cosmological, 175, 308– of general relativity, 314– of relativity, 328– Pauli, 69, 325, 391– symmetry, 181– uncertainty, 22, 181, 316,334probability– distributions, 383– interaction, 46, 49production– of antiprotons, 84– of carbon, 287– of deuterium, 219–221, 223,288– of electron and positron, 38,40, 57, 59, 113– of elements in supernovae,66, 112– of γ rays, 110– of helium, 218– of iron, 287– of neutron stars, 66, 100– of pions, 88, 106, 111, 112,157– – by photons, 39, 59, 82,161, 164– of positrons, 84– of protons, 38– of quarks in the Big Bang,295– of stars,66– of supersymmetric particles,276– of X rays, 109, 123, 124– pair, 50, 114, 165, 324– – direct, 54propagation of astroparticles,58propagation of errors, 384proper distance, 240proportional chamber– gas, 128– multiwire, 56, 129proportional counter, 127, 128,see also gas proportionalchamber and multiwireproportional chamberprotogalaxy, 282proton, 21, 161, 162, 213, 295,326– acceleration, 105– annihilation with antiproton,112, 206, 295– anti-, see antiproton– astronomy, 86– at sea level, 147– atmospheric flux, 144– Big Bang, 104– composition, see proton,quark content– energy spectrum, 146– flux density, 141– highest energy, 163– in solar wind, 141– interaction, 213, 216– – with air, 50, 88