Astroparticle Physics

XTable of Contents5 Acceleration Mechanisms .......................................... 635.1 Cyclotron Mechanism . . .......................................... 645.2 Acceleration by Sunspot Pairs ..................................... 655.3 Shock Acceleration . . . . .......................................... 665.4 Fermi Mechanism ............................................... 685.5 Pulsars ........................................................ 695.6 Binaries ....................................................... 715.7 EnergySpectraofPrimaryParticles ................................ 735.8 Problems ...................................................... 766 Primary Cosmic Rays .............................................. 776.1 Charged Component of Primary Cosmic Rays . ...................... 786.2 Neutrino Astronomy . . . .......................................... 866.2.1 AtmosphericNeutrinos .................................... 886.2.2 SolarNeutrinos........................................... 946.2.3 SupernovaNeutrinos ...................................... 1006.2.4 High-EnergyGalacticandExtragalacticNeutrinos ............. 1046.3 Gamma Astronomy . . . . .......................................... 1086.3.1 Introduction. . . . .......................................... 1086.3.2 Production Mechanisms for γ Rays.......................... 1106.3.3 Measurement of γ Rays ................................... 1136.3.4 Observation of γ -RayPointSources ......................... 1176.3.5 γ Burster................................................ 1206.4 X-Ray Astronomy . .............................................. 1236.4.1 Introduction. . . . .......................................... 1236.4.2 Production Mechanisms for X Rays .......................... 1246.4.3 DetectionofXRays....................................... 1266.4.4 ObservationofX-RaySources.............................. 1286.5 Gravitational-Wave Astronomy . . . . ................................ 1336.6 Problems ...................................................... 1367 Secondary Cosmic Rays ............................................ 1417.1 PropagationintheAtmosphere.................................... 1427.2 CosmicRaysatSeaLevel ........................................ 1477.3 Cosmic Rays Underground . . ..................................... 1517.4 ExtensiveAirShowers ........................................... 1567.5 NatureandOriginoftheHighest-EnergyCosmicRays................ 1637.6 Problems ...................................................... 169