Astroparticle Physics

310 16 GlossaryThe apparent change in the cosmic background radiation tempera-ture caused by the motion of the Earth through the CBR.differential gravitationdipole anisotropydiskdistance ladderdomain wallDoppler effectdouble pulsardown quarkEGeomagnetically caused asymmetry in the arrival direction of pri-mary cosmic rays, which is related to the fact that most primarycosmic-ray particles carry positive charge.east–west effectEGRETelectromagnetic interactionselectronelectron captureDifferent forces of gravity acting on two different points of a bodyin a strong gravitational field lead to a stretching of the body.The visible surface of any heavenly body projected against the sky.Anumber oftechniques (e.g.,redshift,standardcandles,...)usedby astronomers to obtain the distances to progressively more distantastronomical objects.Topological defect that might have been created in the early uni-verse. Domain walls are two-dimensional defects.Change of the wavelength of light caused by a relative motion betweensource and observer.Predictions of the general theory of relativity about the perihelionrotation and the energy loss by emission of gravitational waveshave been confirmed for the binary pulsar system PSR1913+16with extreme precision.d; the second quark flavour, (if quarks are ordered according toincreasing mass). The d quark has the electric charge − 1 3 e.Energy Gamma Ray Telescope Experiment on board the CGROsatellite.The interactions of particles due to their electric charge. This typeincludes also magnetic interactions.e; the lightest electrically charged particle. As a consequence ofthis it is absolutely stable, because there are no lighter electricallycharged particles in which it could decay. The electron is the mostfrequent lepton with the electric charge −1 in units of the elementarycharge.Nuclear decay by capture of an atomic electron. If the decay energyis larger than twice the electron mass, positron emission can alsooccur in competition with electron capture.