Astroparticle Physics

Table of ContentsXI8 Cosmology ....................................................... 1718.1 The Hubble Expansion . .......................................... 1738.2 TheIsotropicandHomogeneousUniverse........................... 1758.3 TheFriedmannEquationfromNewtonianGravity.................... 1778.4 TheFriedmannEquationfromGeneralRelativity..................... 1798.5 TheFluidEquation.............................................. 1828.6 The Acceleration Equation . . . ..................................... 1838.7 NatureofSolutionstotheFriedmannEquation....................... 1838.8 ExperimentalEvidencefortheVacuumEnergy ...................... 1868.9 Problems ...................................................... 1899 The Early Universe ................................................ 1919.1 ThePlanckScale................................................ 1919.2 Thermodynamics of the Early Universe . . ........................... 1939.2.1 Energy and Number Densities . . . ........................... 1949.2.2 TheTotalEnergyDensity .................................. 1959.2.3 EquationsofState ........................................ 1989.2.4 RelationbetweenTemperatureandScaleFactor ............... 1999.3 SolvingtheFriedmannEquation................................... 1999.3.1 Digression on Thermal Equilibrium . . . . ...................... 2029.4 Thermal History of the First Ten Microseconds ...................... 2039.5 TheBaryonAsymmetryoftheUniverse ............................ 2059.5.1 ExperimentalEvidenceofBaryonAsymmetry................. 2069.5.2 SizeoftheBaryonAsymmetry.............................. 2089.5.3 TheSakharovConditions .................................. 2099.6 Problems ...................................................... 21110 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis .......................................... 21310.1 SomeIngredientsforBBN........................................ 21410.2 StartoftheBBNEra............................................. 21510.3 TheNeutron-to-ProtonRatio...................................... 21610.4 Neutrino Decoupling, Positron Annihilation, and Neutron Decay . ....... 21810.5 SynthesisofLightNuclei......................................... 22010.6 DetailedBBN .................................................. 22210.7 Constraints on the Number of Neutrino Families ..................... 22610.8 Problems ...................................................... 228