N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User's Guide

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Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654)Clipping a WaveformHow Peaks Cause Spectral RegrowthIn a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a highpeak–to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure.Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, highpeaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation. This causes the intermodulationdistortion that generates spectral regrowth. Spectral regrowth is a range of frequencies that developson each side of the carrier (similar to sidebands) and extends into the adjacent frequency bands (seethe following figure). Clipping provides a solution to this problem by reducing the peak–to–averagepower ratio.182 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide
Basic Digital Operation (Option 651/652/654)Clipping a WaveformHow Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average PowerYou can reduce peak–to–average power, and consequently spectral regrowth, by clipping thewaveform. Clipping limits waveform power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selectedpercentage of its highest peak. The Signal Generator provides two methods of clipping:• Circular clipping is applied to the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are equally clipped).As shown in Figure 8- 9, the clipping level is constant for all phases of the vector and appears asa circle in the vector representation.• Rectangular clipping is independently applied the I and Q data.As shown in Figure 8- 10 on page 184, the clipping level is different for I and Q, and appears asa rectangle in the vector representation.In both circular and rectangular clipping, the objective is to clip the waveform to a level that reducesspectral regrowth but does not compromise the integrity of the signal. The two complementarycumulative distribution plots in Figure 8- 11 on page 185 show the reduction in peak–to–averagepower that occurs after applying circular clipping to a waveform.The lower the clipping value, the lower the peak power that is passed (the more the signal isclipped). The peaks can often be clipped without substantially interfering with the rest of thewaveform. In many cases, data that might otherwise be lost in the clipping process is retainedbecause of the error correction inherent in the coded systems. If you apply excessive clipping,however, lost data cannot be recovered. Experiment with clipping settings to find a percentage thatreduces spectral regrowth while retaining needed data.Figure 8-9Circular ClippingAgilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User’s Guide 183
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Agilent TechnologiesN5161A/62A/81A/
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1 Signal Generator OverviewContents
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ContentsModulating the Carrier Sign
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ContentsClearing Marker Points from
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ContentsStoring a Custom Multicarri
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ContentsxiiAgilent N5161A/62A/81A/8
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SCPI Reference • SCPI Basics• B
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Signal Generator OverviewSignal Gen
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Signal Generator OverviewModes of O
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Signal Generator OverviewFront Pane
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Signal Generator OverviewBlank Fron
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Signal Generator OverviewRear Panel
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Setting Preferences & Enabling Opti
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Basic OperationPresetting the Signa
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Basic OperationEntering and Editing
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Basic OperationSetting Frequency an
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Basic OperationConfiguring a Swept
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Basic OperationModulating the Carri
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Basic OperationWorking with FilesFi
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Basic OperationReading Error Messag
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Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT
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Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing the Dua
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing Flatnes
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing Interna
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing I/Q Mod
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing Unlevel
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing Unlevel
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing an Outp
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing an Outp
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing Free Ru
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing LXI (Op
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Optimizing PerformanceUsing a USB K
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Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNU
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Adding Real-Time Noise to a Signal
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Working in a Secure EnvironmentUnde
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Working in a Secure EnvironmentRemo
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Working in a Secure EnvironmentUsin
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TroubleshootingDisplayDisplayThe Di
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TroubleshootingRF OutputSignal Loss
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TroubleshootingSweepSweepCannot Tur
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TroubleshootingError MessagesError
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TroubleshootingSelf Test OverviewSe
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TroubleshootingLicensesLicensesNOTE
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TroubleshootingContacting Agilent T
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stored.IP Internet protocol. The ne
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332 Agilent N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A
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IndexArb Segment softkey, 69Arb Seq
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Indexdifferential encoding, 287diff
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Indexdefinition, 329gaussian filter
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IndexMonochrome softkey, 26MSK soft
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Indexrear panelI/Q outputs, 199over
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Indextime- based license, 28, 326Ti
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Index346 Agilent N5181A/82A MXG Sig
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N5161A/62A/81A/82A/83A MXG Signal Generators User's Guide

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