"JSPS External Review Report" was issued.(PDF File 1.22MB)

R &D human resourcesJapan has 653,000 researchers (FY1999, full-time equivalent), of which429,000 work for companies, 177,000 in universities, etc., 31,000 ingovernment research institutions, and 16,000 in private researchinstitutions. As countries use different methods to calculate researchernumbers, it is difficult to make a comparison with the same indices.However, the FY2000 White Paper on Science and Technology gives thefollowing figures for other countries: 988,000 in the US (1995), 238,000 inGermany (1998), 155,000 in France (1997), and 159,000 in the UK (1998).The National Institute of Science and Technology Policy (NISTP) hasamended these statistics in regard to university researchers in the US andJapan. The amendment excludes graduate students, which differ widely inboth countries’ statistics. In addition, Japanese statistics look at the totalnumber of researchers including those whose main occupation is education,which includes university staff. US statistics, on the other hand, includeonly those persons whose main occupation is research. The Institute hastherefore considered university staff and medical staff as fulltimeresearchers, while for the US, the number of researchers whose secondaryoccupation is research, such as persons whose main occupation is education,has multiplied by a half. This brings the estimated number of Japaneseuniversity researchers to 92,000 and US university researchers to 130,000.CountryFrance(1997)Germany(1998)Japan (fulltimeequivalent,1999)Japan (NISTEPestimate, 1999)UK(1998)US(1995)US (NISTEPestimates 1995)No. ofresearchersR&D human resourcesNo. ofresearchers per10,000employedpersonsNo. ofresearchers per10,000employedpersons155,000 26.5 60.4 26,000(17.0%)238,000 29.0 59.6 38,000(16.1%)653,000 50.4 94.2 31,000(4.7%)568,000 43.8 81.9 31,000(4.7%)159,000 26.8 54.8 15,000(9.1%)988,000 28.7 73.9 54,000(5.5%)984,000 28.6 73.6 54,000(5.5%)Breakdown by work force organizationGovt. Universi Industryresearch tiesinstitutions54,000(35.2%)66,000(27.8%)177,000(27.1%)92,000(16.2%))49,000(30.9%)134,000(13.6%)130,000(13.2%))71,000(45.5%)134,000(56.1%)429,000(65.7%)429,000(65.7%)92,000(58.2%)790,000(79.9%)790,000(80.3%)Annual Report on the Promotion of Science and Technology, 2000, 2001.Privateresearchinstitutions4,000(2.3%)--16,000(2.5%)16,000(2.5%)3,000(1.9%)10,000(1.0%)10,000(1.0%)73