Introduction to the Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems

192 CHAPTER 11. CELLULAR AUTOMATA I: MODELINGFigure 11.5: Typical behaviors of binary CA with a von Neumann neighborhood governedby the parity (XOR) rule.• A living cell will remain alive if and only if it is surrounded by two or three other livingcells. Otherwise it will die.The Game of Life shows quite dynamic, almost life-like behaviors (Fig. 11.6). Many intriguingcharacteristics have been discovered about this game, including its statisticalproperties, computational universality, the possibility of the emergence of self-replicativecreatures within it, and so on. It is often considered one of the historical roots of ArtificialLife 1 , an interdisciplinary research area that aims to synthesize living systems using nonlivingmaterials. The artificial life community emerged in the 1980s and grew together withthe complex systems community, and thus these two communities are closely related toeach other. Cellular automata have been a popular modeling framework used by artificiallife researchers to model self-replicative and evolutionary dynamics of artificial organisms[37, 38, 39, 40].11.3 Simulating Cellular AutomataDespite their capability to represent various complex nonlinear phenomena, CA are relativelyeasy to implement and simulate because of their discreteness and homogeneity.1 http://alife.org/