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and Mary L Cadenasso, and social ecologists, this is a landcover rather than land-use urban design model, focused on the city of flows and cycles – people, information, energy, water and nutrients – and marked by extreme heterogeneity in built and vegetated forms. The understanding of time and scale in the ecological model of sustainability is misguided. Van Der Leeuw and Aschan-Leygonie state: ‘The noble ambition of those proclaiming a sustainable development seems difficult to realize, and is a long-term project which necessarily implies a general change in prevailing attitudes at all levels in most societies, the individual and the governmental level, as well as all levels in-between.’ 4 Unlike the ecological model of sustainability and even adaptation that presumes social systems are the dominant dynamic, the urban ecosystem approach stresses the reciprocity between the social and the natural dynamics, and underlies the importance of change as a means of survival. According to Holling: ‘[Resilience is] the capacity of a system to absorb and utilize or even benefit from perturbations and changes that attain it, and so to persist without a qualitative change in the system’s structure.’ 5 The important concept here is to change the drifting location of our understanding of where design has agency. In a resiliency framework, Van Der Leeuw and Aschan- Leygonie continue: ‘There are two – closely related – aspects of “resilience” that we must consider. The first concerns the behavior of a system, due to the structure of its attributes and the interactions between them, due to voluntary management or depending both on the inherent characteristics of the system and on human effort. The other aspect concerns the perception of perturbations and change, and notably of unexpected or even unforeseeable future events.’ 6 The patch dynamics city must therefore develop within a notion of disturbance ecology rather than a benign nature. Cities must be resilient, flexible and adaptable with bottom-up systems of monitoring flows and developing new surface-management tools. Urban Grain and Flows Hoboken was once an island in the Hudson River. Its western slope modulated a shifting tidal wetland terminating in a small stream at the base of the Palisades. An early lithograph reveals a commuter boardwalk linking the island to Patterson Plank Road at the top of the Palisades cliff. Industrial landfill coupled Hoboken to the mainland, and more recently its extended shoreline, the New Jersey Gold Coast, has been further interconnected by a north–south light-rail transit spur paralleling the Hudson rather than crossing to Manhattan. The shallow backwater territories housed industrial uses and government housing projects with residential dwellings occupying the higher ground to the east. A decrease in industrial production, and proximity to Manhattan, is repopulating the former tidal wetland as a new residential neighbourhood. Older residents enjoyed 19thcentury parks anchored by schools or churches and now newer parks and private landscapes are linked to shopping centres or are on shipping piers. The former industrial complex of Monroe Center became a creative catchment for Hoboken artists as the city was gentrified by Manhattan commuters. This social flux is placed in proximity to the retention of water flows to create the possibility of new socio-natural relationships. Such turbulent patches and flows are located in an anomalous territory where hybrid land uses and land-covers offered a challenge to existing planning categories. Unable to fit the graded classification categories of metropolitan, suburban, fringe, rural or environmentally sensitive, the New Jersey Office of Smart Growth gave the linear city stretching from Bayonne to the George Washington Bridge its own special designation: the Urban Complex. Embedded along the ridge between the Hudson and the Hackensack rivers, the urban complex is laced with geological, topographical, industrial and social legacies. With sea levels rising, lowland and upland dynamics will increase in complexity as the oily manufacturing heritage floats to the surface and railway commuter interconnectivity continues to diversify this densely inhabited, multicentred territory. The New Regional Landscape The design and management tools of masterplanning, zoning and land-use controls grew out of the productivity and health needs of the industrial city a century ago. The ecological city demands new design and management tools. Also, our image of the city in relation to nature is changing. The old city model of a dense city centre ringed by green suburbs, agricultural land and a wilderness fringe is no longer operative. The contemporary city in both automobile- and agricultural-oriented societies tends to be much patchier with spots of high density scattered throughout a low-density urban/nature matrix. There is no longer a gradient from city to nature, but instead a heterogeneous mix of buildings and vegetation – both coarse and fine – pavement, soil and surface water. The ecologically managed and designed city is beginning to respond to current trends in urbanisation and globalisation, such as emergent and self-organised structures, informal urban settlements, loosely regulated edge cities or regenerated older centres driven by new lifestyle choices. urban-interface, Thick City/Thin City, Baltimore Ecosystem Study, 2006 Using the patch signature chart to analyse the Gwynns Falls Watershed, coarse vegetated and built dominated patches constitute the bulk of the thick city. Fine vegetation, pavement and bare soil dominated patches constitute the thin city, with transit routes linking the dense city of forests and buildings. 57
urban-interface, Megalopolis Now, Boston/Washington urbanised corridor, 2006 Forty million people inhabit the East Coast Megalopolis, a vast hardwood forest structured by watersheds. Across the Hudson River from Manhattan, the New Jersey Urban Complex – a large, densely populated conurbation, stretches along and under the ridge of the Palisades. The Gwynns Falls Watershed, a 168-square-kilometre (65-square-mile) subwatershed, meets the Patapsco River and Chesapeake Bay near downtown Baltimore, and is home to 250,000 people and 24 distinct commercial centres. 58
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4Architectural Design Forthcoming T
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ISBN-13 9780470034798 ISBN-10 04700
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Alison and Peter Smithson, Upper La
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Site/Non-Site Extendin
Page 11 and 12: The most dramatic case of the expan
Page 13 and 14: Dixon and Jones Architects, Exhibit
Page 16 and 17: From Mound to Sponge How Peter Cook
Page 18: The Oslo Patch investigates a new w
Page 21 and 22: The Frenzy of Theorising In our tim
Page 23 and 24: Giovanni Bellini, The Madonna of th
Page 25 and 26: landscape architects, not only one
Page 27 and 28: Recombinant Landscapes in the Ameri
Page 29 and 30: West 8 and du Toit Allsopp Hillier
Page 31 and 32: Cooper, Robertson & Partners, Coast
Page 33 and 34: Cooper Carry, Mizner Park, Boca Rat
Page 35 and 36: Brian McGrath and Victoria Marshall
Page 37 and 38: forest in terms of human carbon pro
Page 39 and 40: Urban American Landscape
Page 41 and 42: Patricia Johanson, Fair Park Lagoon
Page 43 and 44: flights up extending for 22 city bl
Page 45 and 46: City, a new mixed-used neighbourhoo
Page 47 and 48: Ken Smith, Mary Miss, Enrique Norte
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Page 51 and 52: Toronto Waterfront Revitalisation S
Page 53 and 54: Running the entire length of the sc
Page 55 and 56: Operationalising Patch Dynamics Vic
Page 57 and 58: TILL, Monroe Center for the Arts Wa
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Page 63 and 64: Recent Works by Bernard Lassus At t
Page 65 and 66: Bernard Lassus, motorway landscapes
Page 67 and 68: View of the upper terrace of the ol
Page 69 and 70: Deep Explorations into Site/Non-Sit
Page 71 and 72: Aerial photo of the site showing th
Page 73 and 74: Gustafson Porter, Hadiqat As-Samah
Page 75 and 76: Gustafson Porter, Shoreline Walk, B
Page 77 and 78: Gustafson Porter, Gardens by the Ba
Page 79 and 80: ‘Activating Nature’ The Magic R
Page 81 and 82: Collage of the Garden for a Plant C
Page 83 and 84: Zaha Hadid Architects and Gross.Max
Page 85 and 86: Mosbach Paysagistes, Le Jardin Bota
Page 87 and 88: Mosbach Paysagistes, Le Jardin Bota
Page 89 and 90: West 8, Luxury Village, Moscow, Rus
Page 91 and 92: Landscapes of the Second Nature Emp
Page 93 and 94: The recent work of Beigel and Chris
Page 95 and 96: Structures on the new harbour ramp.
Page 97 and 98: Architecture Research Unit, Paju Bo
Page 99 and 100: ARU design model of Paju landscape
Page 101 and 102: City in Suspension New Orleans and
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In August 2005, 80 per cent of New
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Is There a Digital Future Landscape
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not therefore about averting disast
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C O N T E N T S 4+ 114+ Interior Ey
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The shop floor of the department st
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Render of the three types of screen
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Building Profile Louise T Blouin In
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1 Entrance lobby void 2 North stair
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7 6 7 5 4 1 2 3 1 Exhibition space
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Practice Profile The Tailored Home
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Front and back elevations. Bungalow
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Entry detail. 130+
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Loft area. Split-Level to Loft, sou
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Home Run Dosson in Casier, Italy Va
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The subsidised residential housing
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In the complex next to the countrys
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McLean’s Nuggets Learning from th
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Site Lines Night Pilgrimage Chapel
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4 Architectural Design Landscape Ar
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