UNDERGRADUATE

Calloway’s white audience thought his talents were
an inherent part of who he was as a black entertainer.
His “jungle music” could seemingly be traced back to
his African roots, and his call and response mirrored
the black South. Calloway’s drug references were not a
point of controversy in the 1930s, however, examining
the allowance and acceptance of these references is
important to better understand racial perceptions of black
performers and Harlem in American popular culture.
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