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Easy Knowledge and Other Epistemic Virtues 255 It seems to me there is a mystery here that, given E=K, we can’t explain. If we have a more restrictive theory of evidence, then it is easy to explain what’s going on. If, for instance, evidence is perceptual knowledge, then Jack’s evidence is simply R(10). And it might well be true, given the correct theory of what hypotheses are supported by what evidence, that R(10) supports R(84) but not R(85). That explanation isn’t available to the E=K theorist. And we might well wonder what explanation could be available. Similarly, we can’t say that it is too much of a stretch to infer R(85) from Jack’s evidence. After all, his evidence includes R(84). If that’s not a sufficient evidential basis to conclude R(85), we’re getting very close to scepticism about enumerative induction. If this is not to appear to be a concession to the sceptic, we need a story about why this case is special. I think the best explanation of why the case is special turns on the idea that there are different epistemic virtues, and some of these cross-cut the presence of absence of knowledge. I don’t think this is the only explanation of what’s going on, but I think it tracks the phenomenon better than the alternative. 7 Let’s say that evidence, like knowledge, can be of better or worse quality. If you don’t know p, then p is of no evidential use to you. That’s the part E=K gets right. But even if you do know p, how much evidential use is might depend on how you know it. For instance, if you infallibly know p, then p is extremely useful evidence. More relevantly for current purposes, if you have sensitive knowledge that p, then p is more useful than if you have insensitive knowledge that p. That’s because, as we argued in the previous section, sensitive knowledge has epistemic qualities over and above insensitive knowledge. Let’s go through how this plays out in Jack’s case. Although he knows R(11), this knowledge is insensitive. If R(11) were false, he would still believe it. Had the production system malfunctioned when making the 11 t h balance, for instance, then the 11 t h machine would have been unreliable, but Jack would have still believed it. The only sensitive evidence he has is R(10). By the time he gets to R(n), his knowledge is extremely insensitive. There are all sorts of ways that R(n) could have been false, in many fairly near worlds, and yet he would still have believed it. This suggests a hypothesis, one that dovetails nicely with the conclusions of the previous section. The more insensitive your evidence is, the less inductive knowledge it grounds. If Jack had sensitive knowledge that R(n), he would be in a position to infer, and thereby know R(n + 1). The reason he can’t know R(n + 1) is not that he doesn’t have enough evidence, but rather that the evidence he has is not of a high enough quality. That’s an explanation for why Jack can’t infer R(n + 1) that neither leads to inductive scepticism, nor violates the letter of E=K. Sometimes the way Williamson presents E=K suggests he wants something stronger, namely that 7 The kind of alternatives I have in mind are ones where we appeal to other knowledge that Jack has. For instance, we might note that he knows he knows R(10), but doesn’t know that he knows R(n). This explanation will have to explain why this second-order knowledge is relevant to inductive inference. After all, why should facts about what Jack knows be relevant to whether the n + 1’th machine will function well? I think similar explanations will suffer similar defects. I’m grateful here to conversations with Jonathan Weinberg.
Easy Knowledge and Other Epistemic Virtues 256 what we know determines not only what our evidence is, but which things are supported by our evidence. I think that isn’t true. Indeed, the best explanation of Jack’s predicament is that it isn’t true. But I also don’t think it is something that the original arguments for E=K support, so we shouldn’t feel any hesitation about dropping it.
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Online Papers Brian Weatherson Janu
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CONTENTS ii IV Vagueness 410 22 Man
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What Good are Counterexamples? The
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What Good are Counterexamples? 4 Ge
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What Good are Counterexamples? 6 it
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What Good are Counterexamples? 8 to
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What Good are Counterexamples? 10 f
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What Good are Counterexamples? 12 (
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What Good are Counterexamples? 14
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What Good are Counterexamples? 16 c
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What Good are Counterexamples? 18 T
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What Good are Counterexamples? 20 g
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What Good are Counterexamples? 22 p
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Morality, Fiction and Possibility 2
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David Lewis 52 1 Lewis’s Life and
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David Lewis 54 that, and it is comm
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David Lewis 56 co-ordination proble
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David Lewis 58 3.2 Analysis The bas
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David Lewis 60 getting us closer to
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David Lewis 62 the number of new te
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David Lewis 64 So, at least in the
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David Lewis 66 of a belief is a pro
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David Lewis 68 5 Humean Supervenien
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David Lewis 70 Instead of ranking c
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David Lewis 72 5.2 Causation In “
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David Lewis 74 parked cars influenc
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David Lewis 76 to there being at le
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David Lewis 78 In the first chapter
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David Lewis 80 6.3 Paradise on the
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David Lewis 82 problem, what he dub
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David Lewis 84 no classes? Can you
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David Lewis 86 Lewis doubted severa
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David Lewis 88 7.5 Ethics Lewis is
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Part II Epistemology
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Can We Do Without Pragmatic Encroac
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 1 Kno
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 118 S
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 120 d
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 122 M
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 124 i
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 126 T
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 130 q
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 132 p
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 134 1
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 136 w
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 138 S
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Knowledge, Bets and Interests 140 P
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Defending Interest-Relative Invaria
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Deontology and Descartes’ Demon 1
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Luminous Margins 182 But Tolerance
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Luminous Margins 184 was reliable,
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Luminous Margins 186 he actually ha
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Luminous Margins 188 whether he fee
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Scepticism, Rationalism and Externa
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Page 261 and 262: Induction and Supposition 258 Note
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Page 267 and 268: Part III Language
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Page 279 and 280: Epistemic Modals in Context 276 But
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Page 289 and 290: Epistemic Modals in Context 286 eve
Page 291 and 292: Epistemic Modals in Context 288 The
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Page 297 and 298: Epistemic Modals in Context 294 cer
Page 299 and 300: Epistemic Modals in Context 296 App
Page 301 and 302: Epistemic Modals in Context 298 So
Page 303 and 304: Attitudes and Relativism Data about
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Attitudes and Relativism 306 take a
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Attitudes and Relativism 308 proble
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Attitudes and Relativism 310 6. In
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Attitudes and Relativism 312 it mea
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Attitudes and Relativism 314 to the
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Conditionals and Indexical Relativi
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Indicatives and Subjunctives This p
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 342 (6
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 344 Th
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 346 3
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 348 (b
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 350 cl
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Indicatives and Subjunctives 352 4
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Assertion, Knowledge and Action Ish
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No Royal Road to Relativism 374 are
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No Royal Road to Relativism 376 thi
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No Royal Road to Relativism 378 Haw
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No Royal Road to Relativism 380 the
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Epistemic Modals and Epistemic Moda
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Questioning Contextualism 398 be pr
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Questioning Contextualism 400 (2) D
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Questioning Contextualism 402 Lestr
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Questioning Contextualism 404 And i
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Questioning Contextualism 406 the p
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Questioning Contextualism 408 argum
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Part IV Vagueness
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Many Many Problems 412 we precisify
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Many Many Problems 414 If this is h
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Many Many Problems 416 influence ov
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Many Many Problems 418 our talk and
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Many Many Problems 420 Kilimanjaro(
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Many Many Problems 422 Non-Arbitrar
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Many Many Problems 424 two. 11 In t
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Many Many Problems 426 hard questio
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy Abstract
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 430 But
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 432 (f)
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 434 can
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 436 seem
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 438 view
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Vagueness as Indeterminacy 440 Most
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True, Truer, Truest What the world
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True, Truer, Truest 444 But it has
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True, Truer, Truest 446 B2 Some cla
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True, Truer, Truest 448 [∀x: Fx]
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True, Truer, Truest 450 • All the
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True, Truer, Truest 452 (∨ In-lef
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True, Truer, Truest 454 Now (5) is
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True, Truer, Truest 456 True and Tr
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Vagueness and Pragmatics If Louis i
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 460 Option
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 462 it doe
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 464 in mak
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 466 (10) Y
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 468 premis
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 470 have b
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 472 be exp
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 474 senten
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 476 5 Cons
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 478 As BH
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 480 truth
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 482 (32) a
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Vagueness and Pragmatics 484 links
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The Bayesian and the Dogmatist Ther
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Stalnaker on Sleeping Beauty 548 is
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Stalnaker on Sleeping Beauty 550 Wh
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Stalnaker on Sleeping Beauty 552 Wi
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Stalnaker on Sleeping Beauty 554 ju
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Stalnaker on Sleeping Beauty 556 Th
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Dogmatism and Intuitionistic Probab
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Intrinsic Properties and Combinator
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Chopping Up Gunk John Hawthorne, Br
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Chopping Up Gunk 600 (3) Occupation
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Chopping Up Gunk 602 Further, in th
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Chopping Up Gunk 604 y and z in S,
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties
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In Defense of a Kripkean Dogma Jona
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Defending Causal Decision Theory In
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Keynes and Wittgenstein 640 talks a
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Doing Philosophy With Words 666 ver
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Doing Philosophy With Words 672 The
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Epistemicism, Parasites and Vague N
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Prankster’s Ethics 688 Possibly i
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Prankster’s Ethics 690 3 A Proble
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Prankster’s Ethics 692 self might
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Are You a Sim? 694 so what we know
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Are You a Sim? 696 particular, she
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Are You a Sim? 698 way from knowing
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Humeans Aren’t Out of Their Minds
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Misleading Indexicals 712 prominent
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 714 Barker, Stephen. 1
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 720 Ellis, Brian. 1991
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 722 Geach, P. T. 1969.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 736 McCawley, James. 1
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 742 Shoemaker, Sydney.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 746 Warfield, Ted and
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 748 Wolfe, Tom. 2000.
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