Soybean and Bees

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The golden rule for minimizing negative impact of pest control actions on pollinators is strictly following the Soybean Insect Pest Management recommendations (GAZZONI et al., 1980; 1981; 1982; 1999). Foliage feeders can be important pests along the whole cycle, though dominant species may be different according to locations, environmental conditions or the presence of natural enemies (predators, parasites, pest diseases), and even related to unsuccessful chemical pest control schemes. This include the attack of defoliator pests during blooming, on both determinate and indeterminate cultivars (GAZZONI and OLIVEIRA, 1979a, b; 1983). In this case is quite easy to manage the impact on pollinators, by following simple rules like observing damage and actions levels, monitoring the major pests and its population building, as well as avoiding pesticide application during preferred bees foraging times (from 9 am to 3 pm). Biological insecticides or minimum rates of pesticides, which are less deleterious to pollinators, are paramount for mitigating adverse impact. It is important to reinforce that it is useless to control pod feeders pests (either stinkbugs or caterpillars) prior to the presence of pods in the plants, and when they are at least 0.5cm long (GAZZONI, 1980; 1994). Situation is more complicated to manage on indeterminate cultivars, because of the joint presence of flowers and pods on the plants. In this case, if stinkbugs or pod feeding caterpillars reach action levels, a pesticide control of these pests is recommended. In this case the golden rule is selecting, among recommended pesticides for the pests to be controlled, ones that have minimum impact on pollinators. In addition, the pesticide application should be performed avoiding the bees foraging preferred time, reducing the chance of pesticides direct reaching the pollinators body. Figure 24 shows a graph representation of the soybean cycle, highlighting the blooming period, and its association with possibility of pest attack. Soybean cycle length: 100 – 150 days Vegetative stage Reproductive stage VE to Vn R1- R2 R3 to R8 VE to Vn R1- R4 (or R5) R5 to R8 Defoliators White flies Stink bugs Pod and see feeders or borers Figure 24. Soybean cycle, highlighting blooming period and suitability to pest attack. 102 SoybeAn and bees
REFERENCES ABERNATHY, R. H.; PALMER, R .G.; SHIBLES, R.; ANDERSON, J. C. Histological observations on abscising and retained soybean flowers. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, v. 57, p. 713- 716, 1977. ABRAMS, R. I.; EDWARDS, C. R.; HARRIS, T. Yie1ds and cross- po11ination of soybeans as affected by honeybees and a1fa1fa leaf cutting bees. American Bee Journal, v. 118, p. 555-558, 1978. ABROL, D. L. Pollination biology – Biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. New York: Springer, 2012. 792 p. ABROL, D. P.; KAPIL, R. P. Foraging strategies of honeybees and solitary bees as determined by nectar sugar components. Proceedings of the Indian National Academy of Sciences, v. 57-B, p. 127-132, 1991. ABUD, S.; SOUZA, P. I. M.; MOREIRA, C. T.; ANDRADE, S. R. M.; ULBRICH, A. V.; VIANNA, G. R.; RECH, E. L.; ARAGÃO, F. J. L. Dispersão de pólen em soja transgênica na região dos Cerrados. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 38, n. 10, p. 1229-1235, 2003. ADLER, L. S. The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos, v. 91, p. 409-420, 2000. AGTHE, C. Über die physiologische Herkunft des Pflanzennektars. Berichte der Schweizerischen botanischen Gesellschaft, v. 61, p. 240-274, 1951. AHRENT, D. K.; CAVINESS, C. E. Natural cross-pollination of twelve soybean cultivars in Arkansas. Crop Science, v. 34, n. 2, p. 376-378, 1994. ALBERTSEN, M. C.; PALMER, R. G. A. comparative light and electron-microscopic study of microsporogenesis in male sterile (ms.) and male fertile soybeans Glycine max (L.) Merr. American Journal of Botany, v. 66, p. 253-265, 1979. ALVES, E. M.; TOLEDO, V. A. A.; OLIVEIRA, A. J. B.; SEREIA, M. J.; NEVES, C. A.; RUVOLO-TAKA- SUSUKI, M. C. C. Influência de abelhas africanizadas na concentração de açúcares no néctar de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) var. Codetec 207. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, v. 32, n. 2, p. 189-195, 2010. SoybeAn and bees 103
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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