Soybean and Bees

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GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE, J.; VAISSIÈRE, B. E. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of the world agriculture confronted with pollination decline. Ecological Economy, v. 68, p. 810–821, 2009. GARBER, R. J.; ODLAND, T. E. Natural crossing in soybean. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, v. 18, p. 967-970, 1926. GAZZONI, D. L. Manejo de pragas da soja: uma abordagem histórica. Londrina: Embrapa- CNPSo, Brasília: EMBRAPA-SPI, 1994. 72 p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSo. Documentos, 78). GAZZONI, D. L. Seleção de inseticidas para uso no programa de manejo de pragas da soja. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENTOMOLOGIA, 6., 1980, Campinas. Anais... Campinas: Fundação Cargill, 1980. p. 265-275. GAZZONI, D. L.; CORSO, I. C.; MIGUEL, M. Effect of insecticides on predators and parasitoids of soybean pests. Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha, v. 5, p. 255-264, 1999. GAZZONI, D. L.; MINOR, H. C. Efeito do desfolhamento artificial em soja, sobre o rendimento e seus componentes. In: SEMINÁRIO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA DE SOJA, 1., 1978, Londrina. Anais... Londrina: EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1979. p. 47-57. GAZZONI, D. L.; MOSCARDI, F. Effect of defoliation levels on recovery of leaf area, on yield and agronomic traits of soybeans. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. 33, n.4, p. 411-424, 1998. GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de. Distribuição estacional de Epinotia aporema e seu efeito sobre o rendimento e seus componentes, e características agronômicas da soja cv UFV1, semeada em diversas épocas. In: SEMINÁRIO NACIONAL DE PESQUISA DE SOJA, 1., 1978, Londrina. Anais... Londrina: EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1979a. p. 93-105. GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de. Soybean insect pest management in Brazil: I. Resarch effort; II. Program implementation. In: INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP IN INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL FOR GRAIN LEGUMES, 1983, Goiânia. Proceedings… Brasília, DF: EMBRAPA-DDT, 1984. p. 312-325. GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de. Soybean: Glycine max “Paraná” velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner 1818. Insecticide and Acaricide Tests, v. 4, p. 159-163, 1979b. GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de; CORSO, I. C.; CORRÊA-FERREIRA, B. S.; VILLAS-BOAS, G. L.; MOSCARDI, F.; PANIZZ I, A. R. Manejo de pragas da soja. Londrina: Embrapa-CNPSo, 1981. 44 p. (Embrapa-CNPSo. Circular Técnica, 5). 116 SoybeAn and bees
GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de; CORSO, I. C.; VILLAS BOAS, G. L.; CORRÊA FERREIRA, B. S.; MOSCARDI, F.; SALVADORI, J. R.; RAMIRO, Z. A. Recomendações de inseticidas para utilização no Programa de Manejo de Pragas da Soja – safra 1981/82 – nos Estados do Paraná, São Paulo e Mato Grosso do Sul. Londrina: EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1981. 12 p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSo. Comunicado Técnico, 11). GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de; CORSO, I. C.; VILLAS BOAS, G. L.; CORRÊA-FERREIRA, B. S.; MOSCARDI, F.; SILVA, J. J. C. de; RAMIRO, Z. A. Recomendações de inseticidas para utilização no Programa de Manejo de Pragas da Soja safra 1982/83 nos Estados de Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná e São Paulo. Londrina: EMBRAPA-CNPSo, 1982. 8 p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSo. Comunicado Técnico, 17). GAZZONI, D. L.; OLIVEIRA, E. B. de; GOMEZ, S. A. Recomendações de inseticidas para utilização no Programa de Manejo de Pragas da Soja – safra 1980/81. Londrina: EMBRAPA- CNPSo, 1980. 9 p. (EMBRAPA-CNPSO. Comunicado Técnico, 7). GEITMAN, A.; RAVISHANKAR, P. Fertilization requires communication: Signal generation and perception during pollen tube guidance. Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology, v. 1, p. 77–89, 2007. GEORGE. G. P.; GEORGE, A.; HERR JUNIOR, J. M. A comparative study of ovule and megagametophyte development in field-grown and greenhouse-grown plants of Glycine max and Phaseolus aureus (Papilionaceae). American Journal of Botany, v. 66, p. 1033-1043, 1979. GILL, F. B. Effects of nectar removal on nectar accumulation in flowers of Heliconia imbricata (Heliconiaceae). Biotropica, v. 20, p. 169-171, 1988. GILLIAM, N.; MCCAUGHEY, W. F.; NOFFETT, J. O. Amino acids in the floral nectar of cotton. Apidologie, v. 12, p. 125-132, 1981. GOLUBOV, J.; MANDUJANO, M. C.; LÓPEZ-PORTILLO, J.; EGUIRTE, L. E. The demografic costs of nectar production in the desert perennial Prosopis glandulosa (Mimosoideae): a modular approach. Plant Ecology, v. 170, p. 267-275, 2004. GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. Nectar chemistry is tailored for both attraction of mutualists and protection from exploiters. Plant Signaling & Behavior, v. 4, n.9, p. 809- 813, 2009a. SoybeAn and bees 117
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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