Soybean and Bees

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FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M. I.; TOMAS BARBERAN, F. A. Floral nectar phenolics as biochemical markers for the botanical origin of heather honey. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel- Untersuchung und -Forschung, v. 202, p. 40–44, 1996 FIGUEIREDO, A. C.; PAIS, M. S. Ultrastructural aspects of the nectary spur of Limodorum abortivum (L.) Sw (Orchidaceae). Annals of Botany, v. 70, p. 325–331, 1992. FLORES, E.M.; ESPINOZA, A.M. Epidermis foliar de Glycine soja Sieb. y Zucc. Revista de Biologia Tropical, v. 25, n.2, p. 263-273, 1977. FRANCESCHI, V. R.; GIAQUINTA, R. T. Glandular trichomes of soybean leaves: cytological differentiation from initiation to senescence. Botanical Gazette, v. 144, n.2, p. 175-184, 1983. FRASER, J.; EGLI, D. B.; LEGGETT, J. E. Pod and seed development in soybean cultivars with differences in seed size. Agronomy Journal, v. 74, n. 1, p. 81-85, 1982. FREE, J. B. Insect pollination of crops. 2. ed. Cardiff: University Press. 1993. p. 768. FREE, J. B.; WILLIAMS, I. H. The pollination of hybrid kale (Brassica oleracea L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 81, n. 3, p. 557-559, 1973. FREEMAN, C. E.; WORTHINGTON, R. D.; CORRAL, R. D. Some floral nectar-sugar compositions from Durango and Sinaloa, México. Biotropica, v. 17, p. 309-313, 1985. FREI, E. Die Innervierung der floralen Nektarien dikotyler Pflanzenfamilien. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, v. 65, p. 60–114, 1955. FREY-WYSSLING, A. The phloem supply to the nectaries. Acta Botanica Neerlandica, v. 4, p. 353-369, 1955. FREY-WYSSLING, A.; HÃUSERMANN, E. Deutung der gestaltlosen Nektarien. Bericht der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellscraft, v. 70, p. 150-162, 1960. FREY-WYSSLING, A.; ZIMMERMANN, M.; MAURIZIO, A. Über den enzymatischen Zuckerumbau in Nektarien. Experientia, v. 10, p. 490-491, 1954. FRISCH, K. VON. The dance language and orientation of bees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. p. 592. 114 SoybeAn and bees
FUJITA, R.; OHARA, M.; OKAZAKI, K.; SHIMAMOTO, Y. The extent of natural-pollination in wild soybean (Glycine soja). Journal of Heredity, v. 88, p. 124-128, 1997. FUKUI, J.; GOTOH, J. Varietal difference on the effects of day length and temperature on the development of floral organs in the soybean. I. Developmental stages of floral organs of the soybean. Japan Journal of Breeding, v. 12, p. 17-27, 1962. FURGALA, B.; GOCHNAUER, T. A.; HOLDAWAY, F. G. Constituent sugars of some northern legume nectars. Bee World, v. 39, p. 203-205, 1958. GAFFAL, K. P.; FRIEDRICHS, G. J.; EL-GAMMAL, S. Ultrastructural evidence for a dual function of the phloem and programmed cell death in the floral nectary of Digitalis purpurea. Annals of Botany, v. 99, n.4, p. 593-607, 2007. GAFFAL, K. P.; HEIMLER, W.; EL-GAMMAL, S. The floral nectary of Digitalis purpurea L., structure and nectar secretion. Annals of Botany, v. 81, p. 251–262, 1998. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G. Characteristics of nectar secretion by Lycium cestroides, L. ciliatum (Solanaceae) and their hybrids. Plant Species Biology, v. 11, p. 157-163, 1995. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G. Floral nectaries, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in six Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) in relation to pollinators. Annals of Botany, v. 94, p. 269-280, 2004. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G. Nectar secretion pattern and removal effects in six Argentinean Pitcairnioideae (Bromneliaceae). Botanica Acta, v. 105, p. 292-299, 1992. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G. Nectar secretion pattern and removal effects in three Solanaceae. Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 71, n.10, p. 1394-1398, 1993. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G.; ISELE, I. C.; VESPRINI, J.; SPERONI, G.; BERDUC, A. Reproductive biology of Erythrina crista-galli (Fabaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, v. 87, n.2, p. 127-145, 2000. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G.; RIVERA, G. Nectar, nectaries, flower visitors, and breeding system in some Argentinean Orchidaceae. Journal of Plant Research, v. 110, p. 393-403, 1997. GALETTO, L.; BERNARDELLO, G.; SOSA, C. A. The relationship between floral nectar composition and visitors in Lycium (Solanaceae) from Argentina and Chile: what does it reflect? Flora, v. 193, p. 303-314, 1998. SoybeAn and bees 115
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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