Soybean and Bees

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MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeybees as pollinators of hybrid cotton. Environmental Entomology, v. 1, p. 368-370, 1972. MONASTEROLO, M.; MUSICANTE, M. L.; VALLADARES, G. R.; SALVO, A. Soybean crops may benefit from forest pollinators. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 202, p. 217- 222, 2015. MONSI, M. Studies on the mechanism of spin motion of soybean var. Hulse. Journal of Japanese Botany, v. 12, p. 437-474, 1942. MORETI, A. C. de C. C.; SILVA, E. C. A. da; ALVES, M. L. T. M. F.; SILVA, R. M. B. da. Observações sobre a polinização entomófila da cultura da soja (Glycine max Merril). Boletim da Indústria Animal, v. 55, n. 1, p. 91-94, 1998. MURNEEK, A. E.; GOMEZ, E. T. Influence of length of day (photoperiod) on development of the soybean p1ant, Glycine max var. Biloxi. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, 1936. (Research Bulletin, 242). MURRELL, D. C.; SHUEL, R. W.; TOMES, D. T. Nectar production and floral characteristics in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Canadian Journal of Plant Science, v. 62, p. 361-371, 1982. MURRELL, D. C.; TOMES, D. T.; SHUEL, R. W. Inheritance of nectar production in birdsfoot trefoil. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, v. 62, p. 101-105, 1982. NEILAND, M. R. M.: WILCOCK, C. C. Fruit set, nectar reward, and rarity in the Orchidaceae. American Journal of Botany, v. 85, p. 1657-1671, 1998. NEPI, M.; ADERKAS, P. von; WAGNER, R.; MUGNAINI, S.; COULTER, A.; PACINI, E. Nectar and pollination drops: how different are they? Annals of Botany, v. 104, n. 2, p. 205-219, 2009. NEPI, M; CIAMPOLINI, F.; PACINI, E. Development and ultrastructure of Cucurbita pepo nectaries of male flowers. Annals of Botany, v. 78, p. 95–104, 1996. NEPI, M.; STPICZYNSKA, M. The complexity of nectar: secretion and resorption dynamically regulate nectar features. Naturwissenschaften, v. 95, p. 177-184, 2008. NICOLSON, S. W.; NEPI, M.; PACINI, E. (Ed.). Nectaries and nectar. Springer Netherlands, 2007. 395 p. 128 SoybeAn and bees
NYE, W. P.; PEDERSEN, M. W. Nectar sugar concentration as a measure of pollination of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Journal of Apicultural Research, v. 1, p. 24-27, 1962. O’BRIEN, S. P.; LOVEYS, B. R.; GRANT, W. J. R. Ultrastructure and function of floral nectaries of Chamelaucium uncinatum (Myrtaceae). Annals of Botany, v. 78, p. 189–196, 1996. OKUDA, S.; HIGASHIYAMA, T. Pollen tube guidance by attractant molecules: LUREs. Cell Structure and Function, v. 35, n. 1, p. 45–52, 2010. OPLER, P. Nectar production in a tropical ecosystem. In: BENTLEY, B.; ELIAS, T. S. The biology of nectaries. New York: Columbia University Press. 1983. p. 30-79. ORDANO, M.; ORNELAS, J. F. The cost of nectar replenishment in two epiphytic bromeliads. Journal of Tropical Ecology, v. 21, p. 541-547, 2005. ORNELAS, J. F.; LARA, C. Nectar repleneshiment and pollen receipt interact in their effects on seed production of Penstemon roseus. Oecologia, v. 160, p. 675-685, 2009. ORNELAS, J. F.; ORDANO, M.; LARA, C. Nectar removal effects on seed production in Moussonia deppeana (Gesneriaceae), a humming-bird-pollinated shrub. Ecoscience, v. 14, p. 117-123, 2007. OVERLAND, L. Endogenous rhythm in opening and odor of flowers of Cestrum nocturnum. American Journal of Botany, v. 67, p. 378–382, 1960. OWEN, D. Palinology – Pollen. Available at :< http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/ polkey. html#keyauthor=Owen>. Accessed on: 22 Feb. , 2015 OZAKI, K.; SAITO, M.; NITTA, K. Studies on the seed development and germination of soybean plants at various ripening stages. Research Bulletin Hokkaido National Agricultural Experimental Station 70, p. 6-14, 1956. PACINI, E.; NEPI, M.; VESPRINI, J. L. Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Systematics and Evolution, v. 238, p. 7-21, 2003. PALMER, R. G.; ALBERTSEN, M. C.; HEER, H. Pollen production in soybean with respect to genotype, environment, and stamen position. Euphytica, v. 27, p. 427-434, 1978. PALMER, R.G.; PFEIFFER, T.W.; BUSS, G.R.; KILEN, T.C. Qualitative genetics. In: BOEMA, H. R.; SPECHT, J. E. (Ed.). Soybeans: improvement, production, and uses. 3.ed. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, 2004. p. 137–233. SoybeAn and bees 129
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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