Soybean and Bees

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continuous development and use of pest management programs, aiming to minimize the pest damage to the crops, the production costs and the negative environmental impact. In accordance with the historic environmental concern of Embrapa embedded on the technologies developed by its scientists, its research program recently incorporated a research arrangement – a set of correlated projects − called POLIAGRO, which aims to harmonize existing and future production systems comprising the environmental service of pollination. Other arrangements of research projects such as ABELHA and SA (Environmental Services) largely overlaps with the central theme of the POLIAGRO. The POLIAGRO will integrate existing research networks, or create new ones, involving institutes and universities in Brazil and abroad, under the coordination of Embrapa, generating processes and technologies to help farmers and subsidize public policies, focusing on creating a favorable environment for the pollination service. Besides being a widespread demand in society, the studies to be conducted under POLIAGRO are fully online with concerns of farmers and their organizations, as well as government agencies such as the Brazilian Ministries of Environment, Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, and Science and Technology. The Soybeans and Bees book aims to deeply review and discuss the pollination process in soybeans, whose recent increasing productivity, founded on technological innovations, depends on efficient crop management. Soybean is the most important crop in the country, occupying large areas, constituting the highest consumption of pesticides − aspects that can negatively affect the ecosystem service of pollination, which, on the other side, benefits other cultures growing in adjacent agricultural landscape. An aspect that should also be considered is that soybeans is a cleistogamic plant, with low rate of cross pollination, but some studies point out to benefits when bees consistently visit their flowers, an aspect that must be definitively clarified. The author correctly argues the need to expand the domain of diversity and seasonal abundance of pollinating bees in relation to differential morphological behavior among soybean cultivars, which is crucial to set up a mitigation strategy for the negative impact of pest control actions upon the pollination service. In my opinion, the effort represented by this book is justified by the economic and environmental importance of soybean production, a crop that has expressively grown over the past three decades and accounts for almost 50% of the grain areas in Brazil. Mainly cultivated in the Central West and South regions, soybean enables a complex consisting of beans, meal and oil, and stands as one of the most traded products in the Brazilian trade balance. The
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply foresees a 45% increase in Brazilian soybean production by 2019, supported by the expansion of both international demand and domestic consumption, not only for food production but also for industrial purposes, including biodiesel production, a reason for continuously improving the sustainability of soybean production systems. The effort made by Dr. Decio Luiz Gazzoni in the organization of this book is widely welcomed. With detailed information, presented in an objective, didactic and illustrated way, this publication offers producers, technicians, students, government officials and other interested citizens data and reflections indispensable to expanding the knowledge of the interactions between pollination by bees and soybean cultivation. Performing the harmonization of the ways, means and times needed by the pollination service, it will also be possible to program the application of pesticides in such a way not to harm the pollinators as well as to mitigate present and potential damage to the equilibrium of ecosystems. Maurício Antônio Lopes President of Embrapa
Page 1 and 2: SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3 and 4: Copies of this publication can be a
Page 5: Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Page 13 and 14: the pest abundance and the level of
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
Page 17 and 18: SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
Page 19 and 20: es from pod set to physiological ma
Page 21: Luckily for the growers - and for t
Page 24 and 25: The tassel starts to develop inside
Page 26 and 27: Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
Page 28 and 29: ing region is the throat and the fl
Page 30 and 31: Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
Page 32 and 33: In the microgametogenesis, the unic
Page 34 and 35: dynamics, and the flux of ions are
Page 36 and 37: Once confirmed, agricultural practi
Page 39 and 40: Soybean reproductive development So
Page 41 and 42: Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
Page 45 and 46: monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
Page 47 and 48: (Severson, 1983). He observed that
Page 49 and 50: stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60:
Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
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cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
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Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
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soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
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flowered varieties are inter-mixed
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Table 5. Differences on yield compo
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Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
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Erickson (1984) questioned whether
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On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
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al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
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the mean density did not reach the
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The golden rule for minimizing nega
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ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
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BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
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CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
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CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
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DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
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FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
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GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
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GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
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HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
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IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
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KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
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LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
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MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
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PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
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RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
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RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
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TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
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VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
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WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
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GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
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Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
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Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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