Soybean and Bees

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PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical development of the ovule and seed in the soybean. International Dissertation Abstract, v. 63, p. 5128, 1963. PARK, S.; THORNBURG, R. W. Biochemistry of nectar proteins. Journal of Plant Biology, v. 52, p. 27-34, 2009. PATE, J. S.; PEOPLES, M. B.; STORER, P. J.; ATKINS, C. A. The extra floral nectaries of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) 11. Nectar composition, origin of nectar solutes, and nectary functioning. Planta, v. 166, n. 1, p. 28-38, 1985. PATEL, J. D. Comparative seed coat anatomy of some Indian edible pulses. Phyton, v. 17, p. 287-299, 1976. PEDERSEN, M. W. Cross-pollination studies involving three purple-flowered alfalfas, one white-flowered line, and two pollinator species. Crop Science, v. 7, p. 59-62, 1967. PEDERSEN, M. W. Seed production in alfalfa as related to nectar production and honeybee visitation. Botanical Gazette, v. 115, p. 129-138, 1953. PEDERSON, M. W.; LEFEVRE, C. W.; WIEBE, H. H. Absorption of C14 labelled sucrose by alfalfa nectaries. Science, v. 127, p. 758-759, 1958. PELLETT, F. C. American honey plants. New York: Orange Judd Publ. Co. 1947. 321 p. PELLETT, F. C. American honey plants. 5.ed. Hamilton: Dadant and Sons, 1976. 467 p. PERCIVAL, M. S. Floral biology. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1975. 243p. PERCIVAL, M. S. Types of nectar in angiosperms. New Phytology, v. 60, p. 235-281, 1961. PETANIDOU, T.; GOETHALS, V.; SMETS, E. Nectary structure of Labiatae in relation to their secretion and characteristics in a Mediterranean shrub community: does flowering time matter? Plant Systematics and Evolution, v. 225, p. 103–118, 2000. PETANIDOU, T.; LAERE, A. van; ELLIS, W.N.; SMETS, E. What shapes amino acid and sugar composition in Mediterranean floral nectars? Oikos, v. 115, p. 155-169, 2006. PEUMANS, W.J.; SMEETS, K.; VAN NERUM, K.; VAN LEUVEN, F.; VAN DAMME, E. J. Lectin and alliinase are the predominant proteins in nectar from leek (Allium porrum L.) flowers. Planta., v. 201, n. 3, p. 298-302, 1997. 130 SoybeAn and bees
PIEKLUM, W. E. Developmental morphology of the inflorescence and flower of Trifolium pratense L. Iowa State Journal of Science, v. 28, p. 477-495, 1954. PLEASANTS, J. M.; CHAPLIN, S. J. Nectar production rates of Asclepias quadrifolia: causes and consequences of individual variation. Oecologia, v. 59, p. 232-238, 1983. PLEASANTS, J. M.; HELLMICH, R. L.; DIVELY, G. P.; SEARS, M. K.; STANLEY-HORN, D. E.; MAT- TILA, H. R.; FOSTER, J. E.; CLARK, P.; JONES, G. D. Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, n. 21, p. 11919–24, 2001. POTTER, C. F. ; BERTIN, R. I. Amino acids in artificial nectar: feeding preferences of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. American Midland Naturalist, v. 120, n. 1, p. 156-162, 1988 PRAKASH, N.; CHAN, Y.Y. Embryology of Glycine max. Phytomorphology, v. 26, p. 302309, 1976. PRENNER, G. Floral formulae updated for routine inclusion in formal taxonomic descriptions. Taxon, v. 59 n. 1, p. 241–250, 2010. PROCTOR, M.; YEO, P.; LACK, A. The natural history of pollination. Portland, : Timber Press, 1996. 479 p. PURSEGLOVE, J. W. Tropical crops: dicotyledons. Vol 1. Longman, London, 719 p., 1968. PYKE, G. H. ; WASER, N. M. The production of dilute nectars by hummingbird and honeyeater flowers. Biotropica, v. 13, p. 260-270, 1981. PYKE, G. H. Optimal nectar production in a hummingbird plant. Theoretical Population Biology, v. 20, p. 326-343, 1981. RABINOWITCH, H. D,; FAHN, A.; MEIR, T.; LENSKY, Y. Flower and nectar attributes of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in relation to their attractiveness to honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Annals of Applied Biology, v. 123, p. 221–232, 1993. RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BARTRAM, S.; HEIL, M.; BOLAND, W. Testing the optimal defence hypothesis for two indirect defences: extra floral nectar and volatile organic compounds. Planta, v. 228, n.3, 449-457, 2008. SoybeAn and bees 131
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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