Soybean and Bees

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Illustration: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Stigma Filament Style Petal Pollen grains Anther Fused stamens Ovary Ovule Nectary Calyx Figure 15. Schematic representation of the soybean flower, including the nectary. Before the margins of the leaf-like pistil fuse, two to four ovule primordia are produced alternately, and develop simultaneously, on the inner surface of the margins of the placenta (Guard, 1931; Pamplin, 1963). Each ovule becomes campylotropous, with its micropylar end directed upward toward the stigma. The nectary is visible, about 10 days before anthesis, as a rim of tissue between the base of the pistil and the stamens. At the time of anthesis, the discoidal nectary is a fully formed cup about 0.2 to 0.4 mm in height encircling the base of the staminal sheath (Carlson, 1973; Erickson; Garment, 1979). The slightly oval nectary stomata are concentrated on each side of the adaxial indentation of the nectary, where it contacts the filament of the free ventral stamen. Most of the stomata are located over the rim and ventral interior surface of the nectar cup, occasionally in groups of two or three. On the abaxial side of the cup there are only a few stomata (Waddle; Lersten, 1973; Erickson; Garment, 1979) noted that nectaries are largely vasculated by phloem branching from the staminal base. Nectariferous tissue is, therefore, most closely associated with the stamens. It is not a random structure, but deliberate associated in order to force the insects to have close contact with the stamens to get the nectar. By the contact, the body of the pollinators is covered with pollen, carried to the stigma of the same flower (perfect flowers) or to the female flower on 44 SoybeAn and bees
monecious or dioecious flowers. Figure 16 shows soybean pollen grains under the microscope, while Figure 17 shows a honeybee visiting a flower, with the body covered by pollen grains, and highlighting the curbicula where pollen is deposited to be carried to the bee colony. Figure 16. Pollen grains of soybean under the microscope. Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photo: K. Raja Reddy /Mississippi State University Figure 17. Bee carrying a pollen ball in the “pollen basket”, the corbicula, in the bee´s tibia. SoybeAn and bees 45
Page 1 and 2: SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3 and 4: Copies of this publication can be a
Page 5: Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
Page 8 and 9: continuous development and use of p
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Page 13 and 14: the pest abundance and the level of
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
Page 17 and 18: SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
Page 19 and 20: es from pod set to physiological ma
Page 21: Luckily for the growers - and for t
Page 24 and 25: The tassel starts to develop inside
Page 26 and 27: Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
Page 28 and 29: ing region is the throat and the fl
Page 30 and 31: Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
Page 32 and 33: In the microgametogenesis, the unic
Page 34 and 35: dynamics, and the flux of ions are
Page 36 and 37: Once confirmed, agricultural practi
Page 39 and 40: Soybean reproductive development So
Page 41 and 42: Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
Page 43: Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
Page 47 and 48: (Severson, 1983). He observed that
Page 49 and 50: stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97:
On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99:
al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101:
the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103:
The golden rule for minimizing nega
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ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
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BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
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CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
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CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
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DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
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FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117:
GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
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GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121:
HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
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IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
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KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127:
LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129:
MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
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PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
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RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135:
RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
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TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139:
VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
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WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
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GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
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Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
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Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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Soybean and Bees

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