Soybean and Bees

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VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oil instead of nectar. In: INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CON- GRESS, 11., Seattle, 1969. Abstracts… p.229. von CZAMOWSKI, C. Untersuchungen zur Frage der Nektarabsonderung. Areh. Geflügelzucht Kleintierk, v. 1, p. 23-44, 1952. VON FRISCH, K. The dance language and orientation of bees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. p. 592. WADDINGTON, K. D.; HOLDEN, L. R. Optimal foraging on flower selection by bees. American Naturalist, v. 114, p. 179-196, 1979. WADDLE, R.; LERSTEN, N. R. Morphology of discoid floral nectaries in Leguminosae, especially tribe Phaseoleae (Papilionoideae). Phytomorphology, v. 23, p. 152-161, 1973. WAGNER, R.E.; MUGNAINI, S.; SNIEZKO, R.; HARDIE, D.; POULIS, B.; NEPI, M.; PACINI, E.; ADER- KAS, P. von. Proteomic evaluation of gymnosperm pollination drop proteins indicates highly conserved and complex biological functions. Sexual Plant Reproduction, v. 20, n. 4, p. 181- 189, 2007. WALLER, G. D. Evaluating responses of honeybees to sugar solutions using an artificial-flower feeder. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, v. 65, p. 857-862, 1972. WALLER, G. D.; CARPENTER, E. W.; ZIEHL, O. A. Potassium in onion nectar and its probable effect on attractiveness of onion flowers to honeybees. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, v. 97, p. 535-539, 1972. WALLER, G. D.; LOPER, G. M.; BERDEL, R. L. A bioassay for determining honeybee responses to flower volatiles. Environmental Entomology, v. 2, p. 255-259, 1973. WALLER, G. D.; LOPER, G. M.; BERDEL, R. L. Olfactory discrimination by honeybees of terpenes identified from volatiles of alfalfa flowers. Journal of Apicultural Research, 13, p. 191-197, 1974. WANG, E.; WANG, J.; ZHU, X.; HAO, W.; WANG, L.; QUN, L.; ZANG, L.; WEI, H.; LU, B.; LIN, H.; MA, H.; ZHANG, G.; HE, Z. Control of rice grain-filling and yield by a gene with a potential signature of domestication. Nature Genetics, v. 40, p. 1370–74, 2008. WEAVER, N. Foraging behavior of honeybees on white clover. Insectes Sociaux, v. 12, p. 231- 240, 1965. 138 SoybeAn and bees
WEBER C. R.; HANSON, W. D. Natural hybridization with and without ionizing radiation in soybeans. Crop Science, v. 1, p. 389-392, 1961. WEBER, H.; BORISJUK, L.; WOBUS, U. Controlling seed development and seed size in Vicia faba: a role for seed coat-associated invertases and carbohydrate state. The Plant Journal, v. 10, p. 823–34, 1996. WEBSTER, B. D.; LEOPOLD, A. C. The ultrastructure of dry and imbibed cotyledons of soybean. American Journal of Botany, v. 64, p. 1286-1293, 1977. WEBSTER, B. D.; ROSS, R. M.; EVANS, T. Nectar and the nectary of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, v. 107, p. 497–503, 1982. WENZLER, M.; HÖLSCHER, D.; OERTHER, T.; SCHEIDER, B. Nectar formation and floral nectary anatomy of Anigozanthos flavidus: a combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Journal of Experimental Botany, v. 59, p. 3425-3434, 2008. WEISS, M. Vision and learning in some neglected pollinators. In: CHITTKA, L.; THOMSON, J. D. (Ed.). Cognitive ecology of pollination, animal behavior and floral evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 171-190. WELLS, P. H. ; A. M. WENNER. Do honeybees have a language? Nature, v. 241, p. 171-175. 1973. WENNER, A. M. Honeybees: do they use the distance information contained in their dance maneuver? Science, v. 155, p. 847-849, 1967. WENZLER, M.; HÖLCHER, D.; OERTHER, T.; SCHNEIDER, B. Nectar formation and floral nectary anatomy of Anigozanthos flavidus: a combined magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Journal of Experimental Botany, v. 59, n. 12, p.3425-3434, 2008. WHITEHEAD, A. T.; LARSEN, J. R. Electrophysiological responses of galeal contact chemoreceptors of Apis mellifera to selected sugars and electrolytes. Journal of Insect Physiology, v. 22, p. 1609-1616, 1976. WIEBOLD, W. J.; ASHLEY, D. A.; BOERMA, H. R. Reproductive abscission levels and patterns for eleven determinate soybean cultivars. Agronomy Journal, v. 73, p. 43-46, 1981. WILLIAMS, L. F. Structure and genetic characteristics of the soybean. In: MARKLEY, K. S. (Ed.). Soybeans and soybean products. New York: lnterscience Publishers, 1950. p. 111-134. SoybeAn and bees 139
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
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cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
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Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
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soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
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flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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