Soybean and Bees

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GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The role of extra floral nectar amino acids for the preferences of facultative and obligate ant mutualists. Journal of Chemical Ecology, v. 35, p. 459- 468, 2009b. GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; POZO, M. J.; MUCKI, A.; SVATOS, A.; ADAME-ALVAREZ, R. M. ; HEIL, M. Glucanases and chitinases as causal agents in the protection of Acacia extra floral nectar from infestation by phytopathogens. Plant Physiology, v. 152, 1705-1715, 2010. GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; EILMUS, S.; MUCK, A.; SVATOS, A.; HEIL, M. Pathogenesis-related proteins protect extra floral nectar from microbial infestation. Plant Journal, v. 58, n.3, p. 464-473, 2009. GORDIENKO, V. Sexual hybrids of soya beans obtained by directed bee pollination. In: MEL´NICHENKO, A. N. Pollination of agricultural plants by bees. Moscow: Izd-vo Minist. Sel´sko Khoz, 1960. v.3, p.400-407 GORI, D. F. Post pollination phenomena and adaptive floral changes. In: JONES, C. E.; LITTLE, R. J. Handbook of experimental pollination biology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1983. p. 31-45. GOSSOT, O.; GEITMANN, A. Pollen tube growth: coping with mechanical obstacles involves the cytoskeleton. Planta, v. 226, n. 2, p. 405–416, 2007. GRANT, V. Pollinating systems as isolating mechanism in flowering plants. Evolution, v. 3, p. 82-97, 1949. GRIEBEL, C.; HESS, G. The vitamin C content of flower nectar of certain Labiatae. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, v. 79, p. 168–171, 1940. GUARD, A. T. Development of floral organs of the soybean. Botanical Gazette, v. 91, p. 97- 102, 1931. GULYÁS, S.; KINCSEK, I. Floral nectaries of species of Papilionaceae. Acta Biolologi Szeged, v. 28, p. 53–63, 1982. HAGLER, J. R. Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) response to simulated onion nectars containing variable sugar and potassium concentrations. Apidologie, v. 21, p. 115-121, 1990. HAMBLETON, J. I. Soybean for pollen and nectar. Bee Culture, v. 64, p. 431, 1936. 118 SoybeAn and bees
HAMPTON, M.; XU, W. W.; KRAM, B. W.; CHAMBERS, E. M.; EHRNRITER, J. S.; GRALEWSKI, J. H.; JOYAL, J. H.; CARTER, C. J. Identification of differential gene expression in Brassica rapa nectaries through expressed sequence tag analysis. PLoS ONE, v. 5, e8782, 2010 HANSEN, C. H.; GRAUMAN, H. O.; ELLING, L. J.; DUDLEY, J. W.; CARNAHAN, H. L.; KEHR, W. R.; DAVIS, R. L.; FONSHIESER, F. I.; HOVIN, A. W. Performance of two clone crosses in alfalfa in an unanticipated self-pollination problem. USDA Technical Bulletin, 1300, 1964. HANSEN, W.; SHIBLES, R. Seasonal log of the flowering and podding activity of field-grown soybeans. Agronomy Journal, v. 70, p. 47-50, 1978. HARDER, I. D; BARRETT, S. C. H. The energy cost of bee pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae). Functional Ecology, v. 6, p. 226-233, 1992. HARDMAN, L. L. The effects of some environmental conditions on flower production and pod set in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill var. Hark. International Dissertation Abstract, v. 31, n. 5, p. 2401-8, 1970. HARTWIG, E. E.; HINSON, K. Inheritance of flower color of soybeans. Crop Science, v. 2, p. 152–153, 1962. HAUGHN, G. W.; SOMERVILLE, C. R. Genetic control of morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Developmental Genetics, v. 9; n. 2; p.: 73-89, 1988. HEIL, M. Indirect defence - recent developments and open questions. In: LÜTTGE, U.; BEYSCHLAG, W.; MURATA, J. (Ed.). Progress in botany. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2007. v. 69, p. 360-395. HEIL, M. Indirect defence via tritrophic interactions. New Phytologist, v. 178, p.41-61, 2008. HEIL, M. Induction of two indirect defences benefits in Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae) in nature. Journal of Ecology, v. 92, p. 527-536, 2004. HEIL, M. Nectar: generation, regulation and ecological functions. Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 16, n. 4, p. 191-200, 2011. HEIL, M.; FIALA, B.; BAUMANN, B.; LINSENMAIR, K. E. Temporal, spatial and biotic variations in extrafíloral nectar secretion by Macaranga tanarius. Functional Ecology, v. 14, p. 749-757, 2000. SoybeAn and bees 119
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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