Soybean and Bees

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HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLEMENT, L. W.; KAUTZ, S.; VERHAAGH, M.; BUENO, J. C. S. Divergent investment strategies of Acacia myrmecophytes and the coexistence of mutualists and exploiters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, v. 106, p. 18091-18096, 2009. HEIL, M.; GREINER, S.; MEIMBERG, H.; KRÜGER, R.; NOYER, J. L.; HEUBL, G.; LINSENMAIR, K. E.; BOLAND, W. Evolutionary change from induced to constitutive expression of an indirect plant resistance. Nature, v. 430, p. 205-208, 2004. HEIL, M.; KOCH, T.; HILPERT, A.; FIALA, B.; BOLAND, W.; LISENMAIR, K. E. Extra floral nectar production of the ant-associated plant, Macaranga tanarius, is an induced, indirect, defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, v. 98, p. 1083-1088, 2001. HEIL, M.; RATTKE, J.; BOLAND, W. Post-secretory hydrolysis of nectar sucrose and specialization in ant/ plant mutualism. Science, v. 308, n. 5721, p. 560-563, 2005. HEINRICH, B. Resource heterogeneity and patterns of movement in foraging bumblebees. Oecologia, v. 40, p. 235-245, 1979. HEINRICH, B.; RAVEN, P. H. Energetics and pollination ecology. Science, v. 176, p. 597-602, 1972. HERRE, E. A. Coevolution of reproductive characteristics in 12 species of New World figs and their pollinator wasps. Experientia, v. 45, p. 637-647, 1990. HERRERA, C. M.; GARCIA, I. M.; PEREZ, R. Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants. Ecology, v. 89, n.9, p. 2369-2376, 2008. HERRERA, C. M.; VEJA, C. de; CANTO, A.; POZO, I. Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey. Annals of Botany, v. 103, p. 1415-1423, 2009. HERRERO, M.; HORMAZA, J. I. Pistil strategies controlling pollen tube growth. Sexual Plant Reproduction, v. 9, p.343–347, 1996. HILL, H.J.; WEST, S.B. Fungal penetration of soybean seed through pores. Crop Science, v. 22, p. 602-605, 1982. HILLS, R.G.; WILLIAMS, N.H.; DODSON, C.H. Identification of some orchid fragrance components. American Orchid Society Bulletin, v. 37, p. 967-971, 1968. 120 SoybeAn and bees
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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