Soybean and Bees

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LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KNUIMAN-STEVENS, E. L. Identification of soybean cultivars by the surface relief of the seed coat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, v. 50, p. 147-149, 1977. LIU, G.Y.; REN, G.; GUIRGIS, A.; THORNBURG, R. W. The MYB305 transcription factor regulates expression of nectarin genes in the ornamental tobacco floral nectary. The Plant Cell, v. 21, n.9, p. 2672-2687, 2009. LOPER, G. M. Differences in alfalfa flower volatiles among parent and F1 plants. Crop Science, v. 16, p. 107-110, 1976. LOPER, G. M. Medicago sativa and Citrus depressa flower volatiles. Phytochemistry, 11, p. 1865, 1972. LOPER, G. M.; FIATH, R. A.; WEBSTER, J. L. Identification of ocimene in alfalfa flower aroma by combined GC-Mass spectrometry. Crop Science, v. 11, p. 61-63, 1971. LOPER, G. M.; LAPIOLI, A. M. Photoperiod effects on the emanation of volatiles from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) florets. Plant Physiology, v. 49, p. 729-732, 1971. LOPER, G. M.; WALLER, G. D. Alfalfa flower aroma and flower selection by honeybees. Crop Science, v. 10, p. 66-68, 1970. LOPER, G. M.; WALLER, G. D.; BERDEL, R. L. Olfactory screening of alfalfa clones for uniform honeybee selection. Crop Science, v. 14, p. 120-122, 1974. LOPER, G. M.; WEBSTER, J. L. Gas sampling technique for the chromatography of alfalfa flower volatiles. Journal of Chromatographic Science, v. 9, p. 466-469, 1971. LUTTGE, U. Nectar composition and membrane transport of sugars and amino acids: a review of the present state of nectar research. Apidologie, v. 8, p. 305-319, 1977. LÜTTGE, V. Über die Zusammensetzung des Nektars und den Mechanismus seiner Sekretion. I. Planta, v. 56, 189-212, 1961. MADJD, A.; ROLAND-HEYDACKER, F. Secretions and senescence of tapetal cells in the anther of Soja hispida Moench, Papilionaceae. Grana, v. 17, p. 167-174, 1978. MALHÓ, R. Pollen tube guidance – the long and winding road. Sexual Plant Reproduction, v. 11, n. 5, p. 242–244, 1988. 126 SoybeAn and bees
MANNING, A. Some evolutionary aspects of the flower constancy of bees. Proceedings of the Royal Physiology Society, v. 25, p.67–71, 1957. MARTÍNEZ DEL RIO, C. Dietary, phylogenetic, and ecological correlates of intestinal sucrase and maltase activity in birds. Physiological Zoology, v. 63, p. 987-1011, 1990. MASCARENHAS, J.; MACHLIS, L. Chemotropic response of the pollen of Antirrhinum majus to calcium. Plant Physiology, v. 39, n. 1, p. 70–77, 1964. MASON, C. E. Honeybee foraging activity on soybeans in Delaware. In: INTERNATIONAL SYM- POSIUM ON POLLINATION, 4., 1979. Proceedings... Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, 1979. p.117-122 (Micellaneous Publication, 1). MATILE, P. Über den Stoffwechsel und die Auxinabhãngigkeit der Nektarsekretion. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft, v. 66, p. 237-266, 1956. MCGREGOR, S. E. Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants. 1976. Available on: . Accessed at: 7 Jan. 2015. MCKIM, S. M.; STENVIK, G. E.; BUTENKO, M. A.; KRISTIANSEN, W.; CHO, S. K.; HEPWORTH, S. R.; AALEN, R. B.; HAUGHN, G. W. The BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genes are essential for abscission zone formation in Arabidopsis. Development, v. 135, n. 8, p. 1537–1546, 2008. MENG-YUAN, H. Studies on the embryology of soybeans. 1. The development of embryo and endosperm. Acta Botanica Sinica., v. 11, p. 318-328, 1963. MESSERLI, M. A.; CRÉTON, R.; JAFFE, L. F. Periodic increases in elongation rate precede increases in cytosolic Ca2+ during pollen tube growth. Developmental Biology, v. 222, n. 1, p. 84–98, 2000. MIKSCHE, J. P. Developmental vegetative morphology of Glycine max. Agronomy Journal, v. 53, p. 121-128, 1961. MILFONT, M. O. Uso da abelha melífera (Apis mellifera L.) na polinização e aumento de produtividade de grãos em variedade de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merril.) adaptada às condições climáticas do nordeste brasileiro. 2012. 122 f. Tese (Doutorado, Entomologia) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza. MILUM, V. G. Bees and soybeans. American Bee Journal, v. 80, p. 22, 1940. SoybeAn and bees 127
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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