Soybean and Bees

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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of pollinators.................................................................... 71 Nectar and protection .................................................................................................... 72 Effects of nectar and pollen removal ........................................................................... 73 Nectaries........................................................................................................................... 75 Soybean nectaries and production of nectar.............................................................. 76 Trichomes and nectaries................................................................................................ 81 Soybean yield, bees and entomophilous pollination................................83 Bees and cross pollination on soybeans....................................................................... 83 Bees and soybean yield................................................................................................... 87 Pollinators foraging on soybeans.............................................................91 Soybeans and pollinators relations..........................................................95 Soybean pest control and the impact on pollinators.............................101 References...............................................................................................103 Glossary...................................................................................................143
SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill, family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae) hosts several insect pests along its cycle, since germination to the maturity stage. Exception made for the germination to seedling stage, soybean yield and the quality of seeds and grains are far more affected during the portion of the reproductive stage when pods are found on the plants, as compared to the vegetative or flowering stages. Pests attacking soybeans during the vegetative stage (Table 1 and Figure 1) are chiefly defoliators (lepidopterous and coleopterous). Scientists have definitively demonstrated that soybeans can withstand severe defoliation rates, even up to 100%, prior to blooming, without loss of yield or quality. This ability demonstrates a sound resilience to these biotic stresses, given abiotic environmental (temperature and water) stresses are not present, and adequate cultural practices (soil management; plant nutrition; weeds, nematodes and diseases control) are observed (Gazzoni et al., 1978). Table 1. Soybean growth stages. a. Vegetative stages Stage Stage title Description VE Emergence Cotyledons above the soil surface V1 First node Fully developed leaves at unifoliolate nodes V2 Second node Fully developed trifoliolate leaves at node above the unifoliolate nodes V3 Third node Three nodes on the main stem with fully developed leaves beginning with the unifoliolate nodes Vn n th node “n” nodes on the main stem with fully developed leaves beginning with the unifoliolate nodes.
Page 1 and 2: SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3 and 4: Copies of this publication can be a
Page 5: Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
Page 8 and 9: continuous development and use of p
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Page 13 and 14: the pest abundance and the level of
Page 15: Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
Page 19 and 20: es from pod set to physiological ma
Page 21: Luckily for the growers - and for t
Page 24 and 25: The tassel starts to develop inside
Page 26 and 27: Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
Page 28 and 29: ing region is the throat and the fl
Page 30 and 31: Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
Page 32 and 33: In the microgametogenesis, the unic
Page 34 and 35: dynamics, and the flux of ions are
Page 36 and 37: Once confirmed, agricultural practi
Page 39 and 40: Soybean reproductive development So
Page 41 and 42: Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
Page 45 and 46: monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
Page 47 and 48: (Severson, 1983). He observed that
Page 49 and 50: stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
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cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
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Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
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soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
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flowered varieties are inter-mixed
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Table 5. Differences on yield compo
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Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
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Erickson (1984) questioned whether
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On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
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al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
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the mean density did not reach the
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The golden rule for minimizing nega
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ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
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BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
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CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
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CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
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DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
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FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
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GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
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GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
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HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
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IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
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KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
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LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
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MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
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PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
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RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
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RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
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TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
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VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
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WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
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GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
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Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
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Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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