Soybean and Bees

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BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKER, H. G.; BAKER, I. On the calculation of sugar concentration in flower nectar. Oecologia, v. 41, p. 301-304, 1979. BOREN, R. B.; PARKER, R. L.; SORENSON, E. L. Foraging behavior of honeybees on selected alfalfa clones. Crop Science, v. 2, p. 185-188, 1962. BORTHWICK, H. A.; PARKER, W. M. Influence of photoperiods upon the differentiation of meristems and the blossoming of Biloxi soybeans. Botanical Gazette, v. 99, p. 825-839, 1938. BOWMAN, J. L.; SMYTH, D. R. CRABS CLAW, a gene that regulates carpel and nectary development in Arabidopsis, encodes a novel protein with zinc finger and helix-loophelix domains. Development, v. 126, n. 11, p. 2387-2396, 1999. BRANDENBURG, A.; DELL´OLIVO, A.; BSHARY, R.; KUHLEMEIE, C. The sweetest thing: advances in nectar research. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, v. 12, n. 4, p. 486-490, 2009. BREWER, J. W.; COLLYARD, K. J.; LOTT JR, C. E. Analysis of sugars in dwarf mistletoe nectar. Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 52, p. 2533-2538, 1974. BRIM, C. A.; YOUNG, M. F. Inheritance of a male-sterile character in soybeans. Crop Science, v. 11, p. 564-566, 1971. BROERSMA, D. B.; BERNARD, R. L.; LUCKMANN, W. H. Some effects of soybean pubescence on populations of the potato leafhopper. Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 65, p. 78-82, 1972. BROWN, A. H. D.; GRAM, J. E.; PULLEN, R. Outcrossing and paternity in Glycine argyrea by paired fruit analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 29, p. 283-294, 1986. BUBAN, T.; OROSZ-KOVÁCS, Zs.; FARKAS, A. The nectary as the primary site of infection by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al.: a mini review. Plant Systematics and Evolution, v. 238, p. 183-194, 2003. BURD, M. Ovule packaging in stochastic pollination and fertilization environments. Evolution, v. 49, p. 100-109, 1995. BÚRQUEZ, A.; CORBET, S. A. Do flowers reabsorb nectar? Functional Ecology, v. 5, p. 369- 379, 1991. 106 SoybeAn and bees
BÚRQUEZ, A.; SARUKHAN, K. and PEDROSA, A. L. Floral biology of a primary rain forest palm Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 94, p. 407- 419, 1987. BUSS, P. A.; LERSTEN, N. R. A survey of tapetal number as a taxonomic character in Leguminosae. Botanical Gazette, v. 136, p. 388-395, 1975. BUTLER, C. G. The importance of perfume in the discovery of food by the worker honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Proceeding Royal Society London Series B-Biological Sciences, v. 138, p. 403-413, 1951. BUTLER, C. G. The influence of various physical and biological factors of the environment on honeybee activity: An examination of the relationship between activity and nectar concentration and abundance. Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 21, p. 5-12, 1945. BUTLER, G. D.; LOPER, G. M.; MCGREGOR, S. E.; WEBSTER, J. L.; MARGOLIS, H. Amounts and kinds of sugars in nectars of cotton (Gossypium spp.) and the time of their nectar secretion. Agronomy Journal, v. 64, p. 364-368, 1972. BUTTERY, R. G.; KAMM, J. A.; LING, L. C. Volatile components of alfalfa flowers and pods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 30, p. 739-742, 1982. BUXBAUM, F. Zur Frage des EiweiBgehaltes des Nektars. Planta, v. 4, p. 818-821, 1927. CABRAS, P. A.; ANGIONI, C.; TUBEROSO, C.; FLORIS, I.; RENIERO, F.; GUILLOU, C.; GHELLI, S. Homogentisic acid: a phenolic acid as a marker of strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo) honey. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry, v. 47, p. 4064–4067, 1999. CARLSON, J. B. Morphology. In: CALDWELL, B. E. (Ed.). Soybeans: improvement, production, and uses. Madison: American Society of Agronomy. 1973. p. 17-95. CARLSON, J. B.; LERSTEN, N. R. Reproductive morphology. In: WILCOX, J.R. (Ed.). Soybeans, improvement, production and uses. Madison: American Society of Agronomy, 1987. p. 95- 134. CARTER, C.; GRAHAM, R. A.; THORNBURG, R. W. Nectarin I is a novel, soluble germin-like protein expressed in the nectar of Nicotiana sp. Plant Molecular Biology, v. 41, n. 2, p. 207- 216, 1999. SoybeAn and bees 107
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72: Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74: Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76: in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78: legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80: cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81: Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85: soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87: flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89: Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141: WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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