Soybean and Bees

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WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral nectar production and nectary anatomy and ultrastructure of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae). Annals of Botany, v. 97, n. 2, p. 177-193, 2006. WOLF, W. J.; BAKER, F. L.; BERNARD, R. L. Soybean seed coat structural features: pits, deposits and cracks. Scanning Electron Microscopy, v. 3, p. 531-544, 1981. WOODHOUSE, E. J.; TAYLOR, C. S. The varieties of soybeans found in Bengol, Bikar, and Orissa and their commercial possibilities. India Department of Agriculture Memories of Botanical Series, v. 5, p. 103-175, 1913. WOODROW, A. W. Some factors affecting selection of sucrose solutions by foraging honeybees. American Bee Journal, v. 108, p. 313-315, 1968. WOODWORTH, C. M. Inheritance of growth habit, pod color and flower color in soybeans. Agronomy Journal, v. 15, n. 12, p. 481-495, 1923. WOODWORTH, C. M. The extent of natural cross-pollination in soybeans Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, v. 14, p. 278-283, 1922. WYKES, G. R. The preferences of honeybees for solutions of various sugars which occur in nectar. Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 29, p. 511-518, 1952. YAMAGUCHI, K.; SHIBAMOTO, T. Volatile constituents of Castanopsis flower. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 27, p. 847-850, 1979. YAN, F.; DI, S.; RODAS, F. R.; TORRICO, T. R.; MURAI, Y.; IWASHINA, T.; ANAI, T.; TAKAHASHI, R. Allelic variation of soybean flower color gene W4 encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase 2. Plant Biology, v. 14, n. 58 p. 1-12. 2014. YOSHIMURA, Y. Wind tunnel and field assessment of pollen dispersal in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Journal of Plant Research, v. 124, p. 109-114, 2011. YOUNG, H. J. Differential importance of beetle species pollinating Dieffenbachia longispatha (Araceae). Ecology, v. 69, p. 832-844, 1988.
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SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
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Copies of this publication can be a
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Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
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continuous development and use of p
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PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
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the pest abundance and the level of
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Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
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SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
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es from pod set to physiological ma
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Luckily for the growers - and for t
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The tassel starts to develop inside
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Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
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ing region is the throat and the fl
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Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
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In the microgametogenesis, the unic
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dynamics, and the flux of ions are
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Once confirmed, agricultural practi
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Soybean reproductive development So
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Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
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Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
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monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
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(Severson, 1983). He observed that
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stage. However, in spite of its res
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less prominent and quickly resemble
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Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
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Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
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Parallel to the embryo development
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Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
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with protection activity, as well a
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mental tobacco are expressed in the
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(2009) and its almost non-existence
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guided to particular flowers by flo
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crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
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Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
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Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
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in seeds, particularly at intermedi
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legume nectaries. Species involved
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cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
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Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
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soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
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flowered varieties are inter-mixed
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Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92: Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93: Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97: On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99: al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101: the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103: The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105: ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107: BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109: CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111: CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113: DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115: FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117: GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119: GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121: HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123: IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125: KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127: LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129: MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131: PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133: RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135: RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137: TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139: VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 143 and 144: GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146: Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148: Synergid: One of two small cells ly
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