Soybean and Bees

Recommendations

Info

R1. Beginning bloom. R2. Full bloom. R3. Pod set. R4. Full pod. R5. Beginning seed fill. R6. Full seed (green bean). R7. Physiological maturity. R8. Harvest maturity. Figure 2. Soybean reproductive stages. Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni R3. Length= 8 mm. R4. Length= 20 mm. R5. Length= 40 mm. R6. Length= 45 mm. R7. Length= 45 mm. R8. Length= 45 mm. Figure 3. Pods and seeds size (mm) from stages R3 to R8 of soybean development. 20 SoybeAn and bees
Luckily for the growers - and for the pollinators - during the blooming period, when bees use to forage on soybeans, pod and seed feeder pests usually are not important – because pods and seeds are not yet present on the plants. However, while this is quite true for determinate soybean cultivars, the situation is more complex in indeterminate ones, due to the overlapping of blooming, pod set and pod fill stages, which are quite distinct along the cycle on determinate varieties. While blooming is over at the end of R3 stage for determinate cultivars, flowers may still be observed on the plants up to the R6 stage on indeterminate cultivars. In order to avoid negative impacts of the control of soybean pests on bees and other pollinators, it is crucial to understand the reproductive anatomy and physiology of the soybean plant, as well as the synchrony of pest attack and its damages according to the stage of soybean development. Concepts like pest monitoring, levels of damage and action as well as diversification of pest control strategies, play an important role to reach this target. In addition, it is important to review details of the anatomy and physiology of soybean reproduction in order to understand the unique resilience of soybeans to insect pest damage, not only during the vegetative but also during the reproductive stage, especially while pods are not present on the plants. This specificity will help to design Pest Management practices, fine-tuning the strategy in order to consider the minimum impact on pollinators visiting soybeans. SoybeAn and bees 21
Page 1 and 2: SOYBEAN and BEES Decio Luiz Gazzoni
Page 3 and 4: Copies of this publication can be a
Page 5: Photo: Paulo Robson de Souza This b
Page 8 and 9: continuous development and use of p
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE Soybeans (Glycine max (L.)
Page 13 and 14: the pest abundance and the level of
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents Soybean cycle....
Page 17 and 18: SOYBEAN cYCLE Soybean (Glycine max
Page 19: es from pod set to physiological ma
Page 24 and 25: The tassel starts to develop inside
Page 26 and 27: Flowers: Structure, anatomy and maj
Page 28 and 29: ing region is the throat and the fl
Page 30 and 31: Authors like Turck et al. (2008) as
Page 32 and 33: In the microgametogenesis, the unic
Page 34 and 35: dynamics, and the flux of ions are
Page 36 and 37: Once confirmed, agricultural practi
Page 39 and 40: Soybean reproductive development So
Page 41 and 42: Photos: Decio Luiz Gazzoni A B Figu
Page 43 and 44: Photo: Decio Luiz Gazzoni Photos: D
Page 45 and 46: monecious or dioecious flowers. Fig
Page 47 and 48: (Severson, 1983). He observed that
Page 49 and 50: stage. However, in spite of its res
Page 51 and 52: less prominent and quickly resemble
Page 53 and 54: Figure 19. Apis mellifera visiting
Page 55 and 56: Embryo, endosperm and seed coat dev
Page 57 and 58: Parallel to the embryo development
Page 59 and 60: Bees and plants relations Nectar, a
Page 61 and 62: with protection activity, as well a
Page 63 and 64: mental tobacco are expressed in the
Page 65 and 66: (2009) and its almost non-existence
Page 67 and 68: guided to particular flowers by flo
Page 69 and 70: crose, fructose, and glucose; domin
Page 71 and 72:
Nectar, aroma and fidelity of polli
Page 73 and 74:
Kram (2008) suggested a role in ant
Page 75 and 76:
in seeds, particularly at intermedi
Page 77 and 78:
legume nectaries. Species involved
Page 79 and 80:
cium. These bodies vary somewhat in
Page 81:
Trichomes and nectaries Gynoecium n
Page 84 and 85:
soybean flowers. Also, van der Lind
Page 86 and 87:
flowered varieties are inter-mixed
Page 88 and 89:
Table 5. Differences on yield compo
Page 91 and 92:
Pollinators foraging on soybeans Po
Page 93:
Erickson (1984) questioned whether
Page 96 and 97:
On the study of Chiari et al. (2013
Page 98 and 99:
al. (1983). Conversely, lower N and
Page 100 and 101:
the mean density did not reach the
Page 102 and 103:
The golden rule for minimizing nega
Page 104 and 105:
ALEXANDROVA, V. G.; ALEXANDROVA, O.
Page 106 and 107:
BOLTEN, A. B.; FEINSINGER, P.; BAKE
Page 108 and 109:
CARTER, C.; HEALY, R.; O´TOOL, N.
Page 110 and 111:
CORBET, S. A.; DELFOSSE, E. Honeybe
Page 112 and 113:
DZIKOWSKI, B. Studia nad soja Glyci
Page 114 and 115:
FERRERES, F.; ANDRADE, P.; GIL, M.
Page 116 and 117:
GALLAI, N.; SALLES, J. M.; SETTELE,
Page 118 and 119:
GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; HEIL, M. The
Page 120 and 121:
HEIL, M.; GONZÁLEZ-TEUBER, M.; CLE
Page 122 and 123:
IVANOFF, S. S. KEITT, G. W. Relatio
Page 124 and 125:
KLEIN, A. M.; STEFFAN-DEWENTER, I.;
Page 126 and 127:
LINSKENS, H. F.; PFAHLER, P. L.; KN
Page 128 and 129:
MOFFETT, J. O.; STITH, L. S. Honeyb
Page 130 and 131:
PAMPLIN, R. A. The anatomical devel
Page 132 and 133:
RADHIKA, V.; KOST, C.; BOLAND, W.;
Page 134 and 135:
RUHLMANN, J. M.; KRAM, B. W.; CARTE
Page 136 and 137:
TAKAHASHI, R.; MATSUMURA, H.; OYOO,
Page 138 and 139:
VOGEL, S. Flowers offering fatty oi
Page 140 and 141:
WIST, T. J.; DAVIS, A. R. Floral ne
Page 143 and 144:
GLOSSARY Abaxial: Facing away from
Page 145 and 146:
Megaspores: In angiosperms, one of
Page 147 and 148:
Synergid: One of two small cells ly
show all

Soybean and Bees

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?