Designing Ecological Habitats - Gaia Education

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Maddy Harland leads off Module 5 with an updated review of Permaculture Ethics and Principles. This is an excellent way to begin a study of Integrated <strong>Ecological</strong> Design. Her approach to the traditional statement of Ethics lends it a more humanitarian, even compassionate tone. For her treatment of Principles, she has chosen to paraphrase David Holmgren’s ‘List of 12’ so that it might be relevant to a larger audience, with a more diverse array of applications. Even experienced permaculturists will find great value in reading Maddy’s piece; after all, Permanent Publications is the center of permaculture thinking in Europe (and beyond). 234 The Ethics & Principles of Permaculture Design Maddy Harland – Permanent Publications, England Permaculture is primarily a thinking tool for designing low carbon, highly productive systems. The discipline of permaculture design is based on observing what makes natural systems endure, establishing simple yet effective principles, and using them to mirror nature in whatever we choose to design. This can be gardens, farms, buildings, woodlands, communities, businesses – even towns and cities. Permaculture is essentially about creating beneficial relationships between individual elements and making sure energy is captured in, rather than lost from, a system. Its application is only as limited as our imaginations. Permaculture is not just a green way of living or a guiding system of ethics, it is a way of designing using nature’s principles as a model, ‘bending’ them as much as possible to create fertile, self-reliant, productive landscapes and communities. Where permaculture stands out as a design system is in its capacity to integrate the intellect with ethics. It can teach us to ‘think’ with the heart and respond with the head. By combining pragmatism with philosophy, we can create a greater synthesis. The three ethics are: Earth Care, People Care and Fair Shares or Limits To Growth. They are not exclusive to permaculture and were derived from the commonalities of many worldviews and beliefs. What permaculture does is makes them explicit within a design process. Earth Care Imagine the originators of permaculture, Australians Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, in the 1970s, watching the devastating effects of a temperate
tHe etHics anD principles of permaculture Design 235 European agriculture on the fragile soils of an ancient Antipodean landscape. Like the dust bowls of Oklahoma in the 1930s, an alien agriculture has the capacity to turn a delicately balanced ecology into desert. Their initial response was to design a permanent agriculture with tree crops and other perennials inhabiting all the niches, from the canopy to the ground cover and below. The soil is left untilled to establish its own robust micro-ecology. Key to this is that the land must be biodiverse and stable for future generations. This ethic of Earth Care was the basis of permaculture design, but the original vision of care for all living and non living things has grown to embrace a deep and comprehensive understanding of Earth Care that involves many decisions, from the clothes we wear and the goods we buy to the materials we use for DIY projects. Though we can’t all build our own house or grow all our own food, we can make choices about what and how we consume and conserve. Key to this is the understanding that up to one third of our ecological footprint is taken up by the food we buy, so even growing a small amount in a city allotment or container garden can make a difference. People Care Fundamental to permaculture is the concept of Permanent Culture. How can we develop a permaculture if our people are expendable, uncared for, excluded? People Care asks that our basic needs for food, shelter, education, employment and healthy social relationships are met. Genuine People Care cannot be exclusive in a tribal sense; there can be no elites here – no plutocracies or oligarchies – all members of the community must be taken into account. At the core of People Care is an understanding of the power of community. If we can change our lives as individuals and make incremental differences – think what we can do as a community! The permaculture designers who helped initiate Cuba’s post oil urban agriculture are a good example. 1 They mobilised a whole country to become self-reliant. Fair Shares The last ethic synthesises the first two. It acknowledges that we only have one earth and we have to share it with all living things and future generations. There is no point in designing a sustainable family unit, community, or nation whilst others languish without clean water, clean air, food, shelter, meaningful employment, and social contact. Since the industrialised North uses the resources of at least three earths, and much of the global South languishes in poverty, Fair Shares is an acknowledgement of this terrible imbalance and a call to limit consumption (especially of natural resources) in the North. Permaculture fundamentally rejects the industrial growth model at the core of its ethics, and aspires to design fairer, more equitable systems that take into account the limits of the planet’s resources and the needs of all living beings.
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Ecological Key Editors E Christophe
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First edition © 2011 Gaia Educatio
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iv 2 Local Food Healthy Soil Restor
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vi The Editors In the midst of a sp
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viii Designing ecological Habitats
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x Designing ecological Habitats are
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World-renowned ecovillage designer
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This Introduction section provides
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Albert Bates, founder of the Ecovil
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Page 199 and 200: MODuLE 4 Restoring Nature Contents
Page 201 and 202: Designing witH Deep respect: Deep e
Page 207 and 208: environmental restoration in aurovi
Page 209 and 210: environmental restoration in aurovi
Page 211 and 212: Introduction Sajini Pathiraja, from
Page 213 and 214: Damniyamgama eco-village : sustaina
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Page 225 and 226: Impact, Recovery & Conservation of
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Page 231 and 232: Incorporating Earth Energy into the
Page 233 and 234: incorporating eartH energy into tHe
Page 239 and 240: Body as Place: A Somatic Guide to R
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Page 245: MODuLE 5 Integrated Ecological Desi
Page 249 and 250: tHe etHics anD principles of permac
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Page 253 and 254: integral ecology: Design principles
Page 263 and 264: macro to micro: introDucing ecosoci
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Page 281 and 282: a Design framework 269 characterist
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