Human Development Report 2016

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Poor people and environmental damage are often caught in a downward spiral. Past resource degradation deepens today’s poverty, which forces poor people to deplete resources to survive By phasing out harmful fossil fuel subsidies, countries can reallocate their spending to where it is most needed and most effective, including targeted support for poor people. In 2013 global fossil fuel subsidies totalled $550 billion and accounted for a large share of some countries’ GDP. 88 Yet fossil fuel subsidies are not about protecting the poor: The wealthiest 20 percent of the population captures six times more benefit from such subsidies than does the poorest 20 percent. 89 Increasing energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy About 1.2 billion people worldwide lack access to electricity, and 2.8 billion rely on solid fuels, such as wood, charcoal and coal, which cause noxious indoor air pollution, for cooking. 90 The Sustainable Energy for All Initiative sets out three goals for 2030: achieve universal access to modern energy, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency and double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. More than 20 years of effort in improving energy efficiency have reduced global energy use to one-third less than it otherwise would have been. Choosing renewable energy is more affordable than ever. Prices are falling, and developing utility-scale renewable energy is now less expensive than the cost of fossil fuel facilities in a number of countries. 91 Focusing on the poverty– environment nexus — complex but critical for marginalized people The poverty– environment nexus is complex. Environmental damage almost always affects people living in poverty the most. These people become the major victims of air and water pollution, experience drought and desertification and generally live nearest to the dirty factories, busy roads, waste dumps and ecologically fragile lands. There is an irony here. Even though poor people bear the brunt of environmental damage, they are seldom the creators of it. The rich pollute more, generate more waste and put more stress on nature. Poor people and environmental damage are often caught in a downward spiral. Past resource degradation deepens today’s poverty, which forces poor people to deplete resources to survive. Biodiversity, on which poor people’s lives, livelihoods, food and medicine depend, has passed the precautionary threshold in half the world’s land. 92 It would be too simplistic to explain the poverty– environment nexus in terms of income only: Questions about the ownership of natural resources, access to common resources (such as water), the strengths and weaknesses of local communities and local institutions, and ensuring poor people’s rights and entitlements to resources are all part of the policy options because they impact people’s environmental behaviour. Climate-smart agriculture supports development while ensuring food security as climate changes. Using this approach, farmers can raise productivity and improve their resilience to climate change. Their farms, along with forests, can absorb and store carbon, creating carbon sinks and reducing overall emissions. 93 Through a Poverty–Environment Initiative led jointly by the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme, the mutually reinforcing links between poverty and environment have been mainstreamed into the national and local development strategies of 24 countries and into the sector strategies of 18 countries in an integrated fashion, focusing on multidimensional development issues (box 4.17). Protecting the gains of human development and stopping the reversals of these gains would model resilience in concentric circles around the individual, the family and tight local groups, the local community, local government, the state and the planet. The government’s role is to ensure a balance between the protection and the empowerment of the individual and the concentric circles of security providers, which are either extensions of the individual or, if they are malfunctioning, the threats to the individual. Latvia has been at the forefront of such an approach, which can be replicated in other parts of the world (box 4.18). Empowering those left out If policies do not deliver well-being to marginalized and vulnerable people and if institutions fail to ensure that people are not left out, there must be instruments and redress 128 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty– environment nexus Rwanda has integrated the poverty– environment nexus and climate objectives and targets into 30 district plans, as it institutionalizes mainstream approaches to the poverty– environment nexus and implements poverty– environment objectives into its National Development Plan. Mongolia’s Green Development Policy integrates poverty– environment objectives and indicators. Substantial progress was also made in 17 provincial development plans and in the National Socio-Economic Development Plan (2016–2020), in which sustainable development and inclusive growth are outcomes in support of the country’s economic development. A poverty– environment initiative has helped the government of Guatemala include pro-poor, gender and sustainable natural resource management objectives in its National Development Plan and regional development plans. 1 The initiative has trained government officials on how ecosystem services and valuation methodologies can contribute to poverty reduction. Lao People’s Democratic Republic has identified foreign direct investment in natural resources, including land, mining and hydropower, as the key poverty– environment nexus issue. 2 Such investment was driving rapid economic growth in the country but degrading the environment of rural communities. The initiative has helped integrate social and environmental safeguards into national development planning and private investment management, including modern guidelines for new investments and improved monitoring capacity, in a signal contribution to Sustainable Development Goal target 17.5, to adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries. 3 Notes 1. UNEP and UNDP 2016. 2. United Nations 2015c. 3. United Nations 2015c. Source: GC-RED 2016. BOX 4.18 Resilient human development — lessons from Latvia First, human resilience must be seen though a combined lens of human development and human security. Second, human resilience must be embedded in reality, as follows: • Information technology and human mobility increase the impact of individual and global actions. • There are many development goals and limited resources. The best development gains result from smart prioritizing and making good choices. • The emergence of behavioural economics helps policymakers address human perceptions. Third, to prioritize actions, decisionmakers may take the following steps: • Ask people to identify the main threats, risks and barriers to their development, collect data on the Source: Simane 2016. mechanisms so that these people can claim their rights and demand what they deserve. Upholding human rights The landscape of human rights tools for addressing deprivations and exclusion across the risks identified, gauge the intensity of the threats through standard approaches and identify the most vulnerable groups. • Address objective and subjective factors because both affect behaviour. • Identify and strengthen the factors with the greatest impact on promoting resilience, remembering that these factors can be specific to individuals and communities. • Foster the abilities of individuals to develop their own security strategies. • Ensure efficient security constellations — intersectoral, multilevel cooperation to help the individual, community and country to maintain security. dimensions of human development is complex. Frameworks are in place to guarantee universal human rights and justice for all people. But state commitments to upholding these rights vary, national institutions have different implementation capacities and accountability mechanisms are sometimes missing. The Universal The landscape of human rights tools for addressing deprivations and exclusion across the dimensions of human development is complex Chapter 4 Caring for those left out — national policy options | 129
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Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
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2.5 In the United States the Human
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Infographic 1 Human development for
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FIGURE 1 Human development — the
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Closing the human development gaps
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FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
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Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
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FIGURE 5 National policies to care
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Because half of humanity is not enj
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Pursuing measures for groups with s
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are more indirect ways of accuratel
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The time has come to examine the re
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
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Chapter 1 Human development — ach
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1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
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FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
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technology and create value can thr
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0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
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BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
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in 2013, 453 million people — 190
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56 million people are trapped in a
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1 billion people worldwide lack acc
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people — access to dynamic price
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including the United Nations. 184 A
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Page 97 and 98: Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Page 101 and 102: and participation are both a means
Page 103 and 104: Human decisionmaking — to be exam
Page 105 and 106: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
Page 107 and 108: value. This absence can be a seriou
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Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Page 121 and 122: BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
Page 123 and 124: of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
Page 125 and 126: Providing autonomy to local governm
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Page 131 and 132: to improve the governance, institut
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Page 135 and 136: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
Page 137 and 138: BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
Page 139 and 140: occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
Page 141: Addressing climate change Climate c
Page 145 and 146: FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
Page 147: BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
Page 150 and 151: Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
Page 152 and 153: Collective decisions shape global i
Page 154 and 155: The current architecture of interna
Page 156 and 157: The rules that govern international
Page 158 and 159: BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
Page 160 and 161: Global social movements have spotli
Page 162 and 163: Macroeconomic coordination among la
Page 164 and 165: Since displacement lasts on average
Page 166 and 167: Today’s new realities and aspirat
Page 168 and 169: FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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Page 172 and 173: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
Page 174 and 175: The transformation of global instit
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Page 178 and 179: FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
Page 180 and 181: The Sustainable Development Goals,
Page 182 and 183: BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
Page 185 and 186: Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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Page 189 and 190: References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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