Human Development Report 2016

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Agreement on climate change, which recently came into force, bears testimony to this. What was once deemed unthinkable must now prove to be unstoppable. The Report complements the 2030 Agenda by sharing the principle of universalism and by concentrating on such fundamental areas as eliminating extreme poverty, ending hunger and highlighting the core issue of sustainability. The human development approach and the 2030 Agenda can be mutually reinforcing by contributing to the narrative of each other, by exploring how human development and Sustainable Development Goal indicators can complement each other and by being a forceful advocacy platform for each other. We have every reason to hope that transformation in human development is possible. What seem to be challenges today can be overcome tomorrow. The world has fewer than 15 years to achieve its bold agenda of leaving no one out. Closing the human development gap is critical, as is ensuring the same, or even better, opportunities for future generations. Human development has to be sustained and sustainable and has to enrich every human life so that we have a world where all people can enjoy peace and prosperity. Helen Clark Administrator United Nations Development Programme iv | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Acknowledgements The 2016 Human Development Report is the product of the Human Development Report Office (HDRO) at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The findings, analysis and policy recommendations of the Report are those of HDRO alone and cannot be attributed to UNDP or to its Executive Board. The UN General Assembly has officially recognized the Human Development Report as “an independent intellectual exercise” that has become “an important tool for raising awareness about human development around the world.” We owe a lot to Nobel Laureate Professor Amartya Sen for his continued inspirational intellectual advice, guidance and thoughts. HDRO is also privileged to receive a series of contributions by eminent people and organizations. Particular appreciation is due for the signed contributions from Professor Dan Ariely ( James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke University), Carol Bellamy (chair of the Governing Board of the Global Community Engagement and Resilience Fund and former executive director of the United Nations Children’s Fund), Mirna Cunningham Kain (Nicaraguan Miskitu, indigenous peoples rights activist and former chairperson of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues), Olafur Eliasson (artist and founder of Little Sun), Melinda Gates (cochair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), Dr. Angela Merkel (chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany) and Juan Manuel Santos (president of Colombia and 2016 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate). We are especially thankful to Martin Santiago and the UNDP Country Office in Colombia for facilitating President Santos’s contribution. Appreciation is also extended for contributions from the following authors: Paul Anand, Ayesha Banu, Flavio Comim, Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Juliana Martinez Franzoni, Stephany Griffith-Jones, Irene Khan, Peter Lunenborg, Manuel Montes, Siddiqur Osmani, Enrique Peruzzotti, Robert Pollin, Diego Sanchez-Ancochea, Anuradha Seth, Frances Stewart and Florencia Torche. We are thankful for think pieces contributed by Oscar A. Gomez, Sachiko G. Kamidohzono and Ako Muto of the Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute; Mara Simane of the Cross Sectoral Coordination Centre of the Latvia Cabinet of Ministers; and HOPE XXL, a civil society organization. Two UNDP Global Policy Centres—one in Seoul on global development partnerships and one in Nairobi on resilient ecosystems and desertification—contributed think pieces to the Report, and our thanks go to Balazs Hovarth and Anne-Gertraude Juepner. Invaluable insights and guidance were received from a distinguished Advisory Panel: Olu Ajakaiye, Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona, Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Diane Elson, Heba Handoussa, Richard Jolly, Ravi Kanbur, Yasushi Katsuma, Ella Libanova, Justin Yifu Lin, Leticia Merino, Solita Monsod, Onalenna Doo Selolwane and Frances Stewart. For providing expert advice on methodologies and data choices related to the calculation of the Report’s human development indices, we would also like to thank the Report’s Statistical Advisory Panel members: Lisa Grace S. Bersales, Albina Chuwa, Koen Decancq, Enrico Giovannini, Pascual Gerstenfeld, Janet Gornick, Gerald Haberkorn, Haishan Fu, Robert Kirkpatrick, Jaya Krishnakumar and Michaela Saisana. The Report’s composite indices and other statistical resources rely on the expertise of the leading international data providers in their specialized fields, and we express our gratitude for their continued collegial collaboration with the HDRO. To ensure accuracy and clarity, the statistical analysis has benefited from discussions of statistical issues with Gisela Robles Aguilar, Sabina Alkire, Kenneth Hartggen and Nicolas Fasel and his team from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The consultations held during the preparation of the Report relied on the generous support of many institutions and individuals Acknowledgements | v
Page 1 and 2: Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Page 9 and 10: Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
Page 11: 2.5 In the United States the Human
Page 14 and 15: Infographic 1 Human development for
Page 16 and 17: FIGURE 1 Human development — the
Page 18 and 19: Closing the human development gaps
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
Page 22 and 23: Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
Page 24 and 25: FIGURE 5 National policies to care
Page 26 and 27: Because half of humanity is not enj
Page 28 and 29: Pursuing measures for groups with s
Page 30 and 31: are more indirect ways of accuratel
Page 32 and 33: The time has come to examine the re
Page 34 and 35: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Human development — ach
Page 39 and 40: 1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
Page 41 and 42: FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
Page 43 and 44: technology and create value can thr
Page 45 and 46: 0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
Page 55 and 56: people — access to dynamic price
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including the United Nations. 184 A
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Legal and political institutions ca
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Extreme inequality and the concentr
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Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
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and participation are both a means
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Human decisionmaking — to be exam
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
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value. This absence can be a seriou
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Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
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BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
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FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
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FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
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Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
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BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
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of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
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Providing autonomy to local governm
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care centres, afterschool programme
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young people with the skills needed
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to improve the governance, institut
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made a difference is in women’s r
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
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BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
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occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
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Addressing climate change Climate c
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BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
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FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Infographic 6.1 Human development f
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FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
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The Sustainable Development Goals,
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BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
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Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
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References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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