Human Development Report 2016

25 Equivalent to $135 billion in 2014.
UNSD 2016; World Bank 2016o.
26 Equivalent to $48 billion in 2014.
Jenks and Topping 2016; World Bank
2016o.
27 Data are the average for the period
2008–2015 to include the response to
the global financial crisis (IMF 2016c;
World Bank 2016o).
28 Data are for 2012. Ocampo 2015a;
World Bank 2016o.
29 European Union 2014.
30 UNCTAD 2014. Similar estimates can
be found in Schmidt-Traub (2015).
31 Comparing the UN budget ($48 billion)
with the estimated annual resource
gap of implementing the Sustainable
Development Goals in developing
countries ($2.5 trillion).
32 OECD 2016f, table 4.
33 Pollin 2016.
34 UNHCR 2015a.
35 UNHCR 2015b.
36 Perlo-Freeman and others 2016.
37 UCDP 2016.
38 Kaldor 1999.
39 Weiss 2007; Kaldor 2013.
40 Wiist and others 2014.
41 United Nations 2016d.
42 UNHCR 2016a.
43 OECD 2016d.
44 OECD 2016d.
45 United Nations 2000b.
46 United Nations 2015c.
47 UNDESA 2016b.
48 ECOSOC 2015.
49 UNDESA 2016b.
50 W3 Techs 2016.
51 World Bank 2016p.
52 Del Vicario and others 2016.
53 Ocampo 2015a.
54 Council on Foreign Relations 2015.
55 Ocampo 2015b.
56 Ocampo 2015a.
57 Matheson 2011.
58 Becchetti, Ferrari and Trenta 2014.
59 IMF 2012.
60 Ostry and others 2011.
61 Montes and Lunenborg 2016.
62 United Nations Secretary-General’s
High-Level Panel on Access to
Medicines 2016.
63 Montes and Lunenborg 2016.
64 IOM 2015.
65 UNHCR 2014.
66 The Economist 2016d.
67 See details in Zucman (2015).
68 See details in Zucman (2015).
69 African Union and Economic
Commission for Africa 2015.
70 Independent Commission on
Multilateralism 2016; Pollin 2016;
IEA 2016d.
71 IEA 2016d; Pollin 2016.
72 Independent Commission on
Multilateralism 2016.
73 Pollin 2016.
74 World Resources Institute 2016.
75 IEA 2016a.
76 Pollin 2016.
77 UNDP 2015a.
78 Ocampo 2015a.
79 Griffith-Jones 2016.
80 Ocampo 2015a.
81 Griffith-Jones and Cozzi 2015.
82 OECD 2008.
83 Brazil’s development cooperation
is significantly higher according
to the official figures published
by the Brazilian government. The
Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development uses
these data but, for its analysis, only
includes in its estimates activities
in low- and middle-income countries
and contributions to multilateral
agencies whose main aim is promoting
the economic development and
welfare of developing countries (or
a percentage of these contributions
when a multilateral agency does not
work exclusively on development
activities in developing countries).
The Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development also
excludes bilateral peacekeeping activities.
Brazil’s official data may exclude
some activities that would be included
as development cooperation in
Development Assistance Committee
statistics and so are also excluded
from the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development
estimates that are based on Brazil’s
own data. (www.oecd.org/dac/
dac-global-relations/brazil-development-co-operation.htm).
84 All data are Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and
Development estimates, except
those for the Russian Federation
and the United Arab Emirates, which
do not report to the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and
Development (www.oecd.org/development/stats/non-dac-reporting.htm).
85 GIZ 2014.
86 WFP 2014.
87 UNOSSC 2016.
88 Jenks and Topping 2016.
89 Sachs 2012.
90 Adaptation Fund 2015; United Nations
2011.
91 UNDESA 2012.
92 Hemmelgarn and others 2015; Council
of the European Union 2016.
93 WHO 2013.
94 UNDP 2014b.
95 Tanner 2000.
96 UNDP 2014b.
97 Khan 2016.
98 The Guardian 2016b.
99 UNSD 2008.
100 World Bank 2011b.
101 European Union 2012.
102 Open Government Partnership website
(www.opengovpartnership.org,
accessed 26 September 2016).
103 UNDESA 2014a.
104 United States of America 2009.
105 United Kingdom 2010.
106 Republic of Kenya 2011.
107 Republic of Ghana 2012.
108 State of Japan 2013.
109 United Nations 2016f.
Chapter 6
1 ODI 2016.
2 WEF 2016b.
174 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016