Human Development Report 2016

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who are too numerous to mention here (participants and partners are listed at http:// hdr.undp.org/2016-report/consultations). Formal multistakeholder consultations were held between April and September 2016 in Geneva, Paris, Istanbul, Nairobi, Singapore and Panama. We are grateful to the UNDP Office in Geneva, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and UNDP regional service centres and global policy centres for organizing these consultations and in particular to Rebeca Arias, Max Everest-Phillips, Anne-Gertraude Juepner, Alexis Laffittan, Marcos Neto and Maria Luisa Silva. Informal consultations were also held on the side of the launch of the 2015 Human Development Report in Beijing, Bonn, Colombo, Dhaka, Helsinki, London, Manila, Reykjavik and Vienna. Contributions, support and assistance from partnering institutions, including UNDP regional bureaus and country offices, are acknowledged with much gratitude. Special thanks are extended to UNDP colleagues who constituted the Readers Group for the Report: Mandeep Dhaliwal, Priya Gajraj, George Ronald Gray, Anne-Gertraude Juepner, Sheila Marnie, Ayodele Odusola, Thangavel Palanivel, Sarah Poole, Mounir Tabet, Claire Van der Vaeren and Claudia Vinay. The political read of the Report was done by Patrick Keuleers, Luciana Mermet and Nicholas Rosellini, and their advice is thankfully acknowledged. Former HDRO colleagues and friends of the Report, including Moez Doraid, Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, Terry McKinley, Saraswathi Menon, Siddiqur Osmani, Stefano Pettinato and David Stewart, were kind enough to spend a day with us and share their insights, views and experiences, which are invaluable. We further benefited on Report-related topics from discussions with and inputs from Saamah Abdallah, Helmut K. Anheier, Michelle Breslauer, Cosmas Gitta, Ronald Mendoza, Eugenia Piza-Lopez, Julia Raavad, Diane Sawyer and Oliver Schwank. We would like to thank members of the public who participated in online surveys for Report-related topics on our website. Several talented young people contributed to the Report as interns: Ellen Hsu, Mohammad Taimur Mustafa, Abedin Rafique, Jeremías Rojas, Prerna Sharma, Weijie Tan and Danielle Ho Tan Yau. They deserve recognition for their dedication and contributions. We are grateful for the highly professional editing and production by Communications Development Incorporated—led by Bruce Ross-Larson, with Joe Caponio, Mike Crumplar, Christopher Trott and Elaine Wilson—and designers Gerry Quinn and Phoenix Design Aid. Most of all, on a personal note, I am, as always, profoundly grateful to UNDP Administrator Helen Clark for her leadership and vision as well as her commitment to the cause of human development and her solid support to our work. My thanks also go to the entire HDRO team for their dedication in producing a report that strives to further the advancement of human development. Selim Jahan Director Human Development Report Office vi | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Overview 1 CHAPTER 1 Human development — achievements, challenges and hopes 25 The achievements we have made 26 The challenges we face 29 The hopes we have 39 The human development approach and the 2030 Agenda 45 CHAPTER 2 Universalism—from principles to practice 51 Momentum towards universalism 52 Beyond averages — using the family of human development indices 52 A look at disadvantaged groups 56 Deprivations in human development as a dynamic process 67 Barriers to universalism 76 Breaking down barriers 81 CHAPTER 3 Reaching everyone —analytical and assessment issues 85 What aspects need to be analysed 85 Checking whether progress in human development reaches everyone — assessment requirements 94 CHAPTER 4 Caring for those left out — national policy options 105 Reaching those left out using universal policies 105 Pursuing measures for groups with special needs 118 Making human development resilient 122 Empowering those left out 128 Conclusion 133 iii v CHAPTER 5 Transforming global institutions 137 Structural challenges in global institutions 138 Options for institutional reform 147 Conclusion 160 CHAPTER 6 Human development for everyone — looking forward 163 Human development for everyone — an action agenda 163 Human development for everyone — future substantive work 168 Conclusion 169 Notes 171 References 175 STATISTICAL ANNEX Readers guide 193 Statistical tables 1. Human Development Index and its components 198 2. Human Development Index trends, 1990–2015 202 3. Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index 206 4. Gender Development Index 210 5. Gender Inequality Index 214 6. Multidimensional Poverty Index: developing countries 218 7. Population trends 222 8. Health outcomes 226 9. Education achievements 230 10. National income and composition of resources 234 11. Work and employment 238 12. Human security 242 13. International integration 246 14. Supplementary indicators: perceptions of well-being 250 15. Status of fundamental human rights treaties 254 Human development dashboards 1. Life-course gender gap 259 2. Sustainable development 264 Regions 269 Statistical references 270 Contents | vii
Page 1 and 2: Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Page 11: 2.5 In the United States the Human
Page 14 and 15: Infographic 1 Human development for
Page 16 and 17: FIGURE 1 Human development — the
Page 18 and 19: Closing the human development gaps
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
Page 22 and 23: Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
Page 24 and 25: FIGURE 5 National policies to care
Page 26 and 27: Because half of humanity is not enj
Page 28 and 29: Pursuing measures for groups with s
Page 30 and 31: are more indirect ways of accuratel
Page 32 and 33: The time has come to examine the re
Page 34 and 35: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Human development — ach
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Page 41 and 42: FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
Page 43 and 44: technology and create value can thr
Page 45 and 46: 0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
Page 55 and 56: people — access to dynamic price
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Legal and political institutions ca
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Extreme inequality and the concentr
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Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
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and participation are both a means
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Human decisionmaking — to be exam
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
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value. This absence can be a seriou
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Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
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BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
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FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
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FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
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Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
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BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
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of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
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Providing autonomy to local governm
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care centres, afterschool programme
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young people with the skills needed
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to improve the governance, institut
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made a difference is in women’s r
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
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BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
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occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
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Addressing climate change Climate c
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BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
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FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Infographic 6.1 Human development f
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FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
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The Sustainable Development Goals,
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BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
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Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
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References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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