Human Development Report 2016

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Human Development Report 2016 Team Director and lead author Selim Jahan Deputy director Eva Jespersen Research and statistics Shantanu Mukherjee (Team Leader). Milorad Kovacevic (Chief Statistician), Botagoz Abdreyeva, Astra Bonini, Cecilia Calderon, Christelle Cazabat, Yu-Chieh Hsu, Christina Lengfelder, Patrizia Luongo, Tanni Mukhopadhyay, Shivani Nayyar and Heriberto Tapia Production and web Admir Jahic and Dharshani Seneviratne Outreach and communications Jon Hall, Sasa Lucic, Jennifer O’Neil Oldfield and Anna Ortubia Operations and administration Sarantuya Mend (Operations Manager), Fe Juarez Shanahan and May Wint Than ii | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Foreword Human development is all about human freedoms: freedom to realize the full potential of every human life, not just of a few, nor of most, but of all lives in every corner of the world—now and in the future. Such universalism gives the human development approach its uniqueness. However, the principle of universalism is one thing; translating it into practice is another. Over the past quarter-century there has been impressive progress on many fronts in human development, with people living longer, more people rising out of extreme poverty and fewer people being malnourished. Human development has enriched human lives—but unfortunately not all to the same extent, and even worse, not every life. It is thus not by chance but by choice that world leaders in 2015 committed to a development journey that leaves no one out—a central premise of the 2030 Agenda. Mirroring that universal aspiration, it is timely that the 2016 Human Development Report is devoted to the theme of human development for everyone. The Report begins by using a broad brush to paint a picture of the challenges the world faces and the hopes humanity has for a better future. Some challenges are lingering (deprivations), some are deepening (inequalities) and some are emerging (violent extremism), but most are mutually reinforcing. Whatever their nature or reach, these challenges have an impact on people’s well-being in both present and future generations. At the same time, however, the Report reminds us what humanity has achieved over the past 25 years and gives us hope that further advances are possible. We can build on what we have achieved, we can explore new possibilities to overcome challenges and we can attain what once seemed unattainable. Hopes are within our reach to realize. Given that broader context, the Report then raises two fundamental questions: who has been left out in progress in human development and how and why did that happen. It emphasizes that poor, marginalized and vulnerable groups—including ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, refugees and migrants—are being left furthest behind. The barriers to universalism include, among others, deprivations and inequalities, discrimination and exclusion, social norms and values, and prejudice and intolerance. The Report also clearly identifies the mutually reinforcing gender barriers that deny many women the opportunities and empowerment necessary to realize the full potential of their lives. To ensure human development for everyone, the Report asserts that merely identifying the nature of and the reasons for the deprivation of those left out is not enough. Some aspects of the human development analytical framework and assessment perspectives must be brought to the fore to address issues that prevent universal human development. For example, human rights and human security, voice and autonomy, collective capabilities and the interdependence of choices are key for the human development of those currently left out. Similarly, quality of human development outcomes and not only quantity, going beyond the averages and disaggregating statistics (particularly gender-disaggregation)—must be considered to assess and ensure that human development benefits reach everyone. The Report forcefully argues that caring for those left out requires a four-pronged policy strategy at the national level: reaching those left out using universal policies (for example, inclusive growth, not mere growth), pursuing measures for groups with special needs (for example, persons with disabilities), making human development resilient and empowering those left out. The Report rightly recognizes that national policies need to be complemented by actions at the global level. It addresses issues related to the mandate, governance structures and work of global institutions. It draws our attention to the fact that even though we have grown accustomed to heated debates winding up in gridlock at the national, regional and global levels, underneath the rumble of all that, consensus has been emerging around many global challenges to ensure a sustainable world for future generations. The landmark Paris Foreword | iii
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Page 9 and 10: Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
Page 11: 2.5 In the United States the Human
Page 14 and 15: Infographic 1 Human development for
Page 16 and 17: FIGURE 1 Human development — the
Page 18 and 19: Closing the human development gaps
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
Page 22 and 23: Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
Page 24 and 25: FIGURE 5 National policies to care
Page 26 and 27: Because half of humanity is not enj
Page 28 and 29: Pursuing measures for groups with s
Page 30 and 31: are more indirect ways of accuratel
Page 32 and 33: The time has come to examine the re
Page 34 and 35: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Human development — ach
Page 39 and 40: 1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
Page 41 and 42: FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
Page 43 and 44: technology and create value can thr
Page 45 and 46: 0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
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people — access to dynamic price
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including the United Nations. 184 A
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Legal and political institutions ca
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Extreme inequality and the concentr
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Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
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and participation are both a means
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Human decisionmaking — to be exam
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
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value. This absence can be a seriou
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Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
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BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
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FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
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FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
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Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
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BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
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of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
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Providing autonomy to local governm
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care centres, afterschool programme
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young people with the skills needed
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to improve the governance, institut
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made a difference is in women’s r
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
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BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
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occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
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Addressing climate change Climate c
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BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
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FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Infographic 6.1 Human development f
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FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
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The Sustainable Development Goals,
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BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
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Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
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References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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