Human Development Report 2016

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Infographic 2.1 Barriers to universalism Intolerance and exclusion Discriminatory laws Social norms Violence Narrow self-identities Nationalism Identity politics Barriers to universalism Weak bargaining power Inequality Lack of voice Elite capture of institutions Rise of 1 percent Lack of pluralism
Human Development 2. Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Universalism—from principles to practice The progress in human development over the past 25 years has been impressive on many fronts. More children are going to school, people are living longer, incomes are higher and people have greater potential to shape their societies and their future under democratic forms of government. But the gains have not been universal, and not all lives have been lifted. This reality was the impetus for the intergovernmental agreement on the 2030 Agenda, which aims to leave no one behind. Millions of people are indeed unable to reach their full potential in life because they suffer deprivations in multiple dimensions of human development — lacking income and secure livelihoods, experiencing hunger and malnutrition, having no or limited access to social services, fearing violence and discrimination and being marginalized from the political processes that shape their lives. There are imbalances across countries; socioeconomic, ethnic and racial groups; urban and rural areas; and women and men. Some groups are more deprived than others, and the most deprived individuals belong to multiple disadvantaged groups — an older, ethnic minority woman in a least developed country, for example. The absolute deprivations in basic human development remain pronounced and demand urgent attention. But being left behind is a dynamic and relative process, so universalism — human development for everyone — requires a forward-looking approach. As gains are achieved, other deprivations may become more critical, and new groups may bear the burden of being left behind. Many people appear to be doing well according to measures such as minimum schooling and income, but the quality of education and of work conditions are low for many millions of people. Likewise, people are living longer and healthier lives, but many face deficits in political freedom and in opportunities for political participation. Demographic shifts, transitions from peace to insecurity and other macro threats such as epidemics, financial crises, natural disasters and climate change all generate new forms of advantage and disadvantage. In this digital age a lack of reliable access to information, infrastructure or technology can severely curtail opportunities, even in developed countries, reshaping patterns of deprivation. And even as restrictive social norms—such as restrictions on women working outside the home—lose force in some societies, others—such as discrimination against older people—become more powerful. Who is left behind, how and why are questions with different answers in different places at different times. Enabling all human beings to realize their full potential demands urgent attention to inequality and to relative capabilities and opportunities. It is not enough to enable those with the least capabilities to move above minimum thresholds. For instance, even if extreme poverty were to be eradicated globally or universal primary school enrolment attained, the wealthy and highly educated could simultaneously accrue enormous economic resources or achieve higher tertiary enrolment rates, thereby maintaining or even widening gaps in key capabilities. Despite absolute gains for all people, the possibilities for those with the least wealth and education to realize their full potential would continue to lag. Because the starting points vary widely across individuals, more equitable outcomes may require greater attention and support for the people who are farthest behind. It is particularly important to close the gaps in voice and agency. Institutions and policies may otherwise disproportionately reflect the values and interests of elites, who often have greater voice. There is a risk that gaps could become self-perpetuating and ever more difficult to eradicate. And extreme inequalities in voice and agency can breed economic, social and political instability and conflict. Human development embodies a commitment to ensure rights, voice, security and freedom — not to most, but to all people in every corner of the world. It also stresses the importance of sustaining capabilities and opportunities throughout an individual’s lifecycle and for subsequent generations. As gains are achieved, other deprivations may become more critical, and new groups may bear the burden of being left behind Chapter 2 Universalism—from principlesto practice | 51
Page 1 and 2:
Human Development Report 2016 Human
Page 3 and 4:
Page 5 and 6:
Page 7 and 8:
Page 9 and 10:
Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
Page 11:
2.5 In the United States the Human
Page 14 and 15: Infographic 1 Human development for
Page 16 and 17: FIGURE 1 Human development — the
Page 18 and 19: Closing the human development gaps
Page 20 and 21: FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
Page 22 and 23: Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
Page 24 and 25: FIGURE 5 National policies to care
Page 26 and 27: Because half of humanity is not enj
Page 28 and 29: Pursuing measures for groups with s
Page 30 and 31: are more indirect ways of accuratel
Page 32 and 33: The time has come to examine the re
Page 34 and 35: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Human development — ach
Page 39 and 40: 1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
Page 41 and 42: FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
Page 43 and 44: technology and create value can thr
Page 45 and 46: 0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
Page 55 and 56: people — access to dynamic price
Page 57 and 58: including the United Nations. 184 A
Page 59 and 60: gas emissions are now covered by ca
Page 61: FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
Page 66 and 67: One of the main challenges of pract
Page 68 and 69: The deprivations facing women are t
Page 70 and 71: Viewing the nation as the primary u
Page 72 and 73: Gender disparities in human develop
Page 74 and 75: FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
Page 76 and 77: BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
Page 78 and 79: BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
Page 82 and 83: People are living longer but also s
Page 84 and 85: Epidemics, violence, climate change
Page 86 and 87: FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
Page 88 and 89: Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
Page 90 and 91: Whether intentional or unintentiona
Page 92 and 93: Legal and political institutions ca
Page 94 and 95: Extreme inequality and the concentr
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
Page 99 and 100: Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
Page 101 and 102: and participation are both a means
Page 103 and 104: Human decisionmaking — to be exam
Page 105 and 106: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
Page 107 and 108: value. This absence can be a seriou
Page 109 and 110: Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
Page 111 and 112: BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
Page 113 and 114: FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
Page 115 and 116:
FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
Page 117 and 118:
Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
Page 119 and 120:
Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
Page 121 and 122:
BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
Page 123 and 124:
of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
Page 125 and 126:
Providing autonomy to local governm
Page 127 and 128:
care centres, afterschool programme
Page 129 and 130:
young people with the skills needed
Page 131 and 132:
to improve the governance, institut
Page 133 and 134:
made a difference is in women’s r
Page 135 and 136:
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
Page 137 and 138:
BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
Page 139 and 140:
occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
Page 141 and 142:
Addressing climate change Climate c
Page 143 and 144:
BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
Page 145 and 146:
FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
Page 147:
BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
Page 150 and 151:
Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
Page 152 and 153:
Collective decisions shape global i
Page 154 and 155:
The current architecture of interna
Page 156 and 157:
The rules that govern international
Page 158 and 159:
BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
Page 160 and 161:
Global social movements have spotli
Page 162 and 163:
Macroeconomic coordination among la
Page 164 and 165:
Since displacement lasts on average
Page 166 and 167:
Today’s new realities and aspirat
Page 168 and 169:
FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
Page 170 and 171:
The existing multilateral instituti
Page 172 and 173:
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
Page 174 and 175:
The transformation of global instit
Page 176 and 177:
Infographic 6.1 Human development f
Page 178 and 179:
FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
Page 180 and 181:
The Sustainable Development Goals,
Page 182 and 183:
BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
Page 185 and 186:
Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
Page 187 and 188:
134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
Page 189 and 190:
References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
Page 191 and 192:
Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
Page 193 and 194:
Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
Page 195 and 196:
McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
Page 197 and 198:
2016. United Nations Development Pr
Page 199 and 200:
———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
Page 201 and 202:
———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
Page 203:
Human Development Reports 1990-2016
Page 207 and 208:
Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
Page 209 and 210:
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
Page 211 and 212:
Human development composite indices
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233:
Page 236 and 237:
TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
Page 238 and 239:
TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
Page 240 and 241:
TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
Page 242 and 243:
TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
Page 244 and 245:
TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
Page 246 and 247:
TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
Page 248 and 249:
TABLE 10 National income and compos
Page 250 and 251:
TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
Page 252 and 253:
TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
Page 254 and 255:
TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
Page 256 and 257:
TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
Page 258 and 259:
TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
Page 260 and 261:
TABLE 13 International integration
Page 262 and 263:
TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
Page 264 and 265:
TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
Page 266 and 267:
TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
Page 268 and 269:
TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
Page 270 and 271:
TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
Page 272 and 273:
Human development dashboards
Page 274 and 275:
DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
Page 276 and 277:
DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
Page 278 and 279:
DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
Page 280 and 281:
DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Page 282 and 283:
DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Page 284 and 285:
Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
Page 286:
United Nations Development Programm
show all

Human Development Report 2016

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?