Human Development Report 2016

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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and reforms in global institutions—a summary Global markets and their regulation Options for reforming global institutions Macroeconomic stability Fair trade and investment rules Fair system of migration Global tax coordination Structural challenges in global institutions Unbalanced governance of economic globalization Sustainable global economy Multilateral institutions Greater equity and legitimacy of multilateral institutions Well funded multilateralism and cooperation Inequitable multilateralism Underfunded multilateralism Challenges and reforms in global institutions Inequitable globalization Globally defending people’s security Reactive multilateralism Limited informed deliberation Limited participation in multilateral processes Limited inclusiveness Protect investigative journalism Expand participation in multilateral processes Promote and support inclusive civil society networks Increase information flow and transparency Global civil society
Human Development 5. Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Transforming global institutions The current global landscape is very different from what the world faced in 1990. New global challenges threaten the 2030 Agenda for “leaving no one behind.” Inequality and exclusion, violence and extremism, refugees and migration, pollution and environmental degradation — all are caused by humans and their interactions, particularly across borders. That is why their solution depends not only on the actions of individual countries, but also on the construction of global collective capabilities to achieve results that no country can on its own. All these cases involve global public goods and spillovers, which have grown in tandem with globalization and human connectivity. Uncoordinated national policies addressing global challenges — cutting greenhouse gas emissions, protecting labour rights, ensuring minimum incomes, cooperating to strengthen fragile states, providing humanitarian aid and refuge to those extremely endangered — are bound to be insufficient because of the existence of externalities. 1 So global and regional institutions are necessary to bring systematic attention, monitoring and coordination to key global issues. International institutions and the resulting global order have enabled considerable progress in human development. But these institutions have also coexisted with persistent extreme deprivation — leaving behind large segments of the global population — and persistent human insecurity (see chapters 1 and 2). The mixed success calls for reforms, with an agenda that keeps what works and addresses evident gaps. The main global social institutions — markets, multilateral organizations and civil society — are the focus of this chapter. They include rules and regulations governing the interchange of goods, services, capital and labour; multilateral organizations setting and enforcing the promotion of global public goods; and global networks of citizens promoting their diverse interests. The chapter addresses the structural challenges for human development, particularly for reaching everyone, and presents reform options. On the challenges and structural deficiencies, the leitmotif is inequality among countries at different levels of development and among segments of the global population. Asymmetries persist in the way countries participate in global markets, in defining rules, in financing compensatory mechanisms and in having the capacity to pursue accountability. These inequalities constitute barriers to practical universalism and compromise fairness, as some groups have decisive advantages in defining both the rules of the game and the payoffs. The winners and losers of globalization depend on the way globalization is pursued. To respond to these challenges, global institutions can enhance collective capabilities. They can expand opportunities for international exchange (including people, knowledge, goods, services and capital), both for cooperation and for participation and accountability. But there is tension between globalization and democratic national policymaking. International rules can constrain some national policies, including those that today’s developed countries used in the past. However, it is possible to construct better global institutions and governance along the following lines: • Rules that over-restrict development policies are not an inevitable result of globalization. They are the consequence of a particular path to globalization, where some countries and some voices have had a greater say at the negotiating table. But if broader views are included more systematically and more equitably, it will be possible to enact human development–friendly rules for all. In particular, expanding opportunities requires that countries retain meaningful space for national policymaking under democratic principles. • The generation of global public goods demands stronger multilateralism and policy coherence, able to match the common good with the common responsibility, all endowed with legitimacy. For example, curbing the inflow of migrants cannot be fully separated from the responsibility to protect people facing extreme deprivation abroad. The winners and losers of globalization depend on the way globalization is pursued Chapter 5 Transforming global institutions | 137
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Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
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2.5 In the United States the Human
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Infographic 1 Human development for
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FIGURE 1 Human development — the
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Closing the human development gaps
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FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
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Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
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FIGURE 5 National policies to care
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Because half of humanity is not enj
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Pursuing measures for groups with s
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are more indirect ways of accuratel
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The time has come to examine the re
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
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Chapter 1 Human development — ach
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1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
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FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
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technology and create value can thr
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0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
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BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
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in 2013, 453 million people — 190
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56 million people are trapped in a
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1 billion people worldwide lack acc
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people — access to dynamic price
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including the United Nations. 184 A
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Legal and political institutions ca
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Extreme inequality and the concentr
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Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Page 101 and 102: and participation are both a means
Page 103 and 104: Human decisionmaking — to be exam
Page 105 and 106: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
Page 107 and 108: value. This absence can be a seriou
Page 109 and 110: Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
Page 111 and 112: BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
Page 113 and 114: FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
Page 115 and 116: FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Page 121 and 122: BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
Page 123 and 124: of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
Page 125 and 126: Providing autonomy to local governm
Page 127 and 128: care centres, afterschool programme
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Page 131 and 132: to improve the governance, institut
Page 133 and 134: made a difference is in women’s r
Page 135 and 136: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
Page 137 and 138: BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
Page 139 and 140: occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
Page 141 and 142: Addressing climate change Climate c
Page 143 and 144: BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
Page 145 and 146: FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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Page 152 and 153: Collective decisions shape global i
Page 154 and 155: The current architecture of interna
Page 156 and 157: The rules that govern international
Page 158 and 159: BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
Page 160 and 161: Global social movements have spotli
Page 162 and 163: Macroeconomic coordination among la
Page 164 and 165: Since displacement lasts on average
Page 166 and 167: Today’s new realities and aspirat
Page 168 and 169: FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
Page 170 and 171: The existing multilateral instituti
Page 172 and 173: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
Page 174 and 175: The transformation of global instit
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Page 178 and 179: FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
Page 180 and 181: The Sustainable Development Goals,
Page 182 and 183: BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
Page 185 and 186: Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
Page 187 and 188: 134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
Page 189 and 190: References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
Page 191 and 192: Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
Page 193 and 194: Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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Page 197 and 198: 2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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