Human Development Report 2016

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Fulfilling basic needs is an essential part of expanding capabilities but is insufficient to enable people to reach their full potential severe deprivations in old age. Early interventions can prevent subsequent limitations, along with interventions that help individuals recover from past deprivation. What do people value in human development beyond the basics? Fulfilling basic needs is an essential part of expanding capabilities but is insufficient to enable people to reach their full potential. This is especially so in a world characterized by new and often more precarious forms of work, escalating violence and mounting environmental crises. Many people are deprived of a sense of security that they will be able to retain tomorrow the gains they have made today. Many are deprived of voice and opportunities to participate in the collective valuation of policies and priorities. Others lack access to good-quality services and to information and communication technology. Practical universalism requires attention to these and other dimensions of human development in which people in both developed and developing countries remain deprived. Development in some of these dimensions may not have appeared so urgent in the past simply because of the scale of the deprivation in basic needs. Parents of children who lack access to schooling may not worry about the quality of secondary education. Families that are trying to get by on less than $1.90 a day may not prioritize the prevention of environmental crises. But as the types of deprivations captured in the HDI and MPI are reduced for individuals and societies, other deprivations become more prominent. People have more choices and freedoms, but there are still constraints that limit life potential. Surveys based on subjective evaluations provide insights into the diversity of values across populations and suggest links between the surroundings and the development priorities of individuals. For example, the My World global survey being conducted by the United Nations in support of the 2030 Agenda assessed development issues that matter most to people. 108 More than 9 million responses have prioritized action issues from 16 options, ranging from securing a good education and ensuring political freedom to tackling climate change. The top three priorities are good education, better health care and better job opportunities. A disaggregation of the survey data by development status, age, gender, citizenship and region shows more variation in the top priorities. There are thus differences in the aggregate priorities of individuals in countries at different levels of human development (figure 2.10). Good education is the top priority across all human development groups, and the top three priorities are similar in the low, medium and high human development countries. But an honest and responsive government and access to clean water and sanitation are among the top three priorities in very high human development countries, where better health care and better job opportunities are not even among the top five priorities. A survey by the Pew Research Center reinforces the context specificity of people’s priorities and concerns. Some 83 percent of respondents in 34 developing countries considered crime to be the biggest problem in their country. 109 Corruption, lack of health care, poor schools and water pollution were also viewed as major problems. The percentage of respondents who listed crime as a concern was 93 percent) in Tunisia, compared with only 31 percent in Poland, where 59 percent of respondents listed health care as a very big problem (which compares with only 17 percent in China). Income can also shape people’s priorities. Respondents in a nationwide opinion survey in Chile were asked what was most important to them in order to have a happy life. The answers of respondents in the highest and lowest income quintiles varied substantially. Respondents in the highest income quintile most often cited the achievement of life goals and targets, whereas respondents in the lowest income quintile cited a peaceful life without much disruption (figure 2.11). Leading a meaningful life and enjoying the good things in life were less of a priority among respondents in the lowest income quintile. People’s priorities and values appear to be context specific. In Algeria, where youth unemployment rates are high, a young woman may value employment most. Once integrated into the labour market and at the peak of her career, she may value free time the most. A 74 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
FIGURE 2.10 There are differences in the aggregate priorities of individuals in countries at different levels of human development Low human development Medium human development High human development Very high human development A good education 1 1 1 1 Better health care 2 2 3 Better job opportunities 3 3 2 An honest and responsive government Affordable and nutritious food 4 5 4 2 5 5 Access to clean water and sanitation 4 3 Protection against crime and violence 5 4 Source: Human Development Report Office estimates based on United Nations (2015b). FIGURE 2.11 The priorities of Chileans vary by income % 40 Poorest 20 percent Richest 20 percent 30 20 10 0 Leading a meaningful life Sharing with others Leading a peaceful life without much disruption That loved ones have a good life Achieving life goals and targets Enjoying the good things in life Source: UNDP 2012a. healthy older man in Norway may value good interpersonal relationships with friends and family the most, despite having valued free time more when he was younger and working, like Most important to have a happy life his Algerian counterpart. Because values evolve and shift according to the context, the human development approach remains relevant even as basic needs are met. Because values evolve and shift according to the context, the human development approach remains relevant even as basic needs are met Chapter 2 Universalism—from principlesto practice | 75
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Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
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2.5 In the United States the Human
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Infographic 1 Human development for
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FIGURE 1 Human development — the
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Closing the human development gaps
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FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
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Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
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FIGURE 5 National policies to care
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Because half of humanity is not enj
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Pursuing measures for groups with s
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are more indirect ways of accuratel
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The time has come to examine the re
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 1 Human development — ach
Page 39 and 40: 1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
Page 41 and 42: FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
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Page 45 and 46: 0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
Page 55 and 56: people — access to dynamic price
Page 57 and 58: including the United Nations. 184 A
Page 59 and 60: gas emissions are now covered by ca
Page 61: FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
Page 64 and 65: Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
Page 66 and 67: One of the main challenges of pract
Page 68 and 69: The deprivations facing women are t
Page 70 and 71: Viewing the nation as the primary u
Page 72 and 73: Gender disparities in human develop
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Page 76 and 77: BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
Page 78 and 79: BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
Page 82 and 83: People are living longer but also s
Page 84 and 85: Epidemics, violence, climate change
Page 86 and 87: FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Page 92 and 93: Legal and political institutions ca
Page 94 and 95: Extreme inequality and the concentr
Page 97 and 98: Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
Page 99 and 100: Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
Page 101 and 102: and participation are both a means
Page 103 and 104: Human decisionmaking — to be exam
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Page 107 and 108: value. This absence can be a seriou
Page 109 and 110: Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
Page 111 and 112: BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
Page 113 and 114: FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
Page 115 and 116: FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Page 121 and 122: BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
Page 123 and 124: of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
Page 125 and 126: Providing autonomy to local governm
Page 127 and 128: care centres, afterschool programme
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Page 131 and 132: to improve the governance, institut
Page 133 and 134: made a difference is in women’s r
Page 135 and 136: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
Page 137 and 138: BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
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occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
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Addressing climate change Climate c
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BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
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FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Infographic 6.1 Human development f
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FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
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The Sustainable Development Goals,
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BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
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Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
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References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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