Human Development Report 2016

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Infographic 3.1 Human development represents freedom of well-being as well as freedom of agency Functionings Things a person values being or doing Capabilities Set of combinations of functionings that can be achieved Human development Agency to do or achieve what is valued Voice and autonomy
Human Development 3. Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone Reaching everyone — analytical and assessment issues The human development approach is anchored in the idea of universalism, whereby all people — present and future — can realize their full potential. Two issues stand out. First, practical universalism shows that progress in human development is unbalanced across and within countries, socioeconomic groups, ethnic and racial groups, women and men, and generations and have not always reached the most deprived. Second, the world of today differs from the world of 25 years ago and presents new opportunities and challenges. It is thus necessary to map out those who have been left out of the progress in human development and to understand why. It is equally important — as this chapter outlines — to address analytical and assessment issues that, once resolved, may help the barriers to universal human development be overcome. The human development approach is based on two fundamental freedoms — the freedom of well-being, including functionings and capabilities, and the freedom of agency, including voice and autonomy. Functionings are the various things that a person may value being and doing, and capabilities are the combinations of functionings that a person can achieve. Agency is related to “what a person is free to do and achieve in pursuit of whatever goals or values he or she regards as important” (see infographic 3.1 on the preceding page). 1 What aspects need to be analysed Over the years the Human Development Report has emphasized that human development is about expanding choices. This remains true. Choices determine who we are and what we do. Those choices rest on four foundations: the wide range of options that we have to choose from — our capabilities; the social and cognitive constraints and social norms and influences that shape our values and choices; our own empowerment and the agency we exercise individually and as part of groups in shaping our options and opportunities; and the mechanisms that exist to resolve competing claims in ways that are fair and conducive to realizing human potential (figure 3.1). Examining these foundations is particularly important to ensuring human development for everyone. The human development approach, grounded in the capability approach, provides a systematic way to articulate these ideas. It can be especially powerful in illuminating the interplay among factors that can operate to the disadvantage of individuals and groups in different contexts. This chapter highlights ideas from the human development approach that need to be re-emphasized to ensure that human development reaches everyone. It also presents specific analytical perspectives for examination. The human development approach has shown continuity but also resilience. It has proven robust but also adaptable to changes in the world over the past quarter-century. The core definitions of the approach have been used in diverse ways. They have been used to describe whether and how much people have a say in matters that concern their lives, a meaningful opportunity to contribute to development and a chance to obtain a fair share of the fruits of development. And they have been simplified by attributing to human development any improvement in the human condition that allows people to live longer and healthier lives. The human development approach is ultimately “simple yet rich, full yet open-ended, flexible yet responsible, normative yet visionary, inspiring yet practical.” 2 Human rights — the bedrock of the human development approach The definition of human rights consistently used in the Human Development Report is that of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which considers political and The human development approach can be especially powerful in illuminating the interplay among factors that can operate to the disadvantage of individuals and groups in different contexts Chapter 3 Reaching everyone — analytical and assessment issues | 85
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Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
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2.5 In the United States the Human
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Infographic 1 Human development for
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FIGURE 1 Human development — the
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Closing the human development gaps
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FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
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Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
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FIGURE 5 National policies to care
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Because half of humanity is not enj
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Pursuing measures for groups with s
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are more indirect ways of accuratel
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The time has come to examine the re
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
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Chapter 1 Human development — ach
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1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
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FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
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technology and create value can thr
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0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
Page 47 and 48: BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
Page 49 and 50: in 2013, 453 million people — 190
Page 51 and 52: 56 million people are trapped in a
Page 53 and 54: 1 billion people worldwide lack acc
Page 55 and 56: people — access to dynamic price
Page 57 and 58: including the United Nations. 184 A
Page 59 and 60: gas emissions are now covered by ca
Page 61: FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
Page 64 and 65: Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
Page 66 and 67: One of the main challenges of pract
Page 68 and 69: The deprivations facing women are t
Page 70 and 71: Viewing the nation as the primary u
Page 72 and 73: Gender disparities in human develop
Page 74 and 75: FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
Page 76 and 77: BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
Page 78 and 79: BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
Page 80 and 81: FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
Page 82 and 83: People are living longer but also s
Page 84 and 85: Epidemics, violence, climate change
Page 86 and 87: FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
Page 88 and 89: Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
Page 90 and 91: Whether intentional or unintentiona
Page 92 and 93: Legal and political institutions ca
Page 94 and 95: Extreme inequality and the concentr
Page 97: Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
Page 101 and 102: and participation are both a means
Page 103 and 104: Human decisionmaking — to be exam
Page 105 and 106: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
Page 107 and 108: value. This absence can be a seriou
Page 109 and 110: Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
Page 111 and 112: BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
Page 113 and 114: FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
Page 115 and 116: FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
Page 117 and 118: Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
Page 119 and 120: Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
Page 121 and 122: BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
Page 123 and 124: of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
Page 125 and 126: Providing autonomy to local governm
Page 127 and 128: care centres, afterschool programme
Page 129 and 130: young people with the skills needed
Page 131 and 132: to improve the governance, institut
Page 133 and 134: made a difference is in women’s r
Page 135 and 136: SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
Page 137 and 138: BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
Page 139 and 140: occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
Page 141 and 142: Addressing climate change Climate c
Page 143 and 144: BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
Page 145 and 146: FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
Page 147: BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Infographic 6.1 Human development f
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FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
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The Sustainable Development Goals,
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BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
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Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
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134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
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References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Dreher, A., J. Sturm and J. Vreelan
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Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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McGinn, K.L., M.R. Castro and E.L.
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2016. United Nations Development Pr
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———. 2016g. “Legal Aid Serv
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———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Human Development Reports 1990-2016
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Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human
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Human development composite indices
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TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
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TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
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TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
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TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
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TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
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TABLE 10 National income and compos
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TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
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TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
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TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
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TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
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TABLE 13 International integration
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TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
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TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
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TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
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TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
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TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
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Human development dashboards
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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