Human Development Report 2016

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TABLE 4 GENDER DEVELOPMENT INDEX TABLE 4 Gender Development Index Human Development Index (HDI) Life expectancy at birth Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Estimated gross national income per capita a Value Group b Value (years) (years) (years) (2011 PPP $) Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male HDI rank 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 c 2015 c 2015 c 2015 c 2015 2015 122 Cabo Verde .. .. .. .. 75.2 71.6 13.9 13.1 .. .. 4,030 8,123 123 Morocco 0.826 5 0.579 0.700 75.3 73.3 11.5 12.6 3.8 h 6.4 h 3,388 11,091 124 Nicaragua 0.961 2 0.629 0.654 78.2 72.2 11.9 11.4 6.8 h 6.4 h 3,150 6,389 125 Guatemala 0.959 2 0.624 0.651 75.6 68.5 10.5 11.0 6.3 6.3 5,132 9,081 125 Namibia 0.986 1 0.635 0.644 67.5 62.5 11.8 11.5 6.9 h 6.5 h 7,971 11,667 127 Guyana 0.943 3 0.615 0.652 68.9 64.2 10.5 10.2 8.5 e 8.4 e 4,346 9,397 127 Micronesia (Federated States of) .. .. .. .. 70.3 68.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 129 Tajikistan 0.930 3 0.604 0.650 73.4 66.3 10.6 11.9 9.6 k 11.2 k 2,100 3,088 130 Honduras 0.942 3 0.600 0.637 75.9 70.9 11.6 10.9 6.2 6.1 2,680 6,254 131 India 0.819 5 0.549 0.671 69.9 66.9 11.9 11.3 4.8 e 8.2 e 2,184 8,897 132 Bhutan 0.900 5 0.573 0.637 70.1 69.6 12.6 12.4 2.1 j 4.2 j 5,657 8,308 133 Timor-Leste 0.858 5 0.558 0.651 70.4 66.8 12.1 13.7 3.6 k 5.3 k 3,124 7,549 134 Vanuatu .. .. .. .. 74.3 70.2 10.4 11.1 .. .. 2,139 3,453 135 Congo 0.932 3 0.568 0.610 64.4 61.4 11.0 11.3 5.5 e 6.7 e 4,731 6,274 135 Equatorial Guinea .. .. .. .. 59.4 56.6 .. .. 4.0 k 7.3 k 17,462 25,375 137 Kiribati .. .. .. .. 69.5 63.0 12.3 11.5 .. .. .. .. 138 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 0.924 4 0.560 0.607 68.0 65.2 10.4 11.2 4.5 j 5.6 j 4,408 5,696 139 Bangladesh 0.927 3 0.556 0.599 73.3 70.7 10.4 9.9 5.0 e 5.6 e 2,379 4,285 139 Ghana 0.899 5 0.545 0.606 62.5 60.5 11.1 11.7 5.8 h 7.9 h 3,200 4,484 139 Zambia 0.924 4 0.555 0.601 62.9 58.8 12.1 13.0 6.4 h 7.4 h 2,803 4,126 142 Sao Tome and Principe 0.907 4 0.542 0.597 68.6 64.5 12.2 11.7 4.7 5.9 2,000 4,149 143 Cambodia 0.892 5 0.529 0.592 70.8 66.7 10.1 11.7 3.7 5.5 2,650 3,563 144 Nepal 0.925 4 0.538 0.582 71.5 68.6 12.7 12.2 3.2 j 5.0 j 1,979 2,718 145 Myanmar .. .. .. .. 68.2 64.0 .. .. 4.9 h 4.9 h 4,182 5,740 146 Kenya 0.919 4 0.531 0.577 64.1 60.3 10.8 11.4 5.7 h 7.0 h 2,357 3,405 147 Pakistan 0.742 5 0.452 0.610 67.4 65.4 7.4 8.8 3.7 6.5 1,498 8,376 LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 148 Swaziland 0.853 5 0.495 0.580 48.1 49.6 11.0 11.8 6.4 j 7.2 j 5,078 10,020 149 Syrian Arab Republic 0.851 5 0.475 0.558 76.6 63.9 8.9 9.0 4.6 5.6 835 4,007 150 Angola .. .. .. .. 54.2 51.2 8.7 14.0 .. .. 5,073 7,527 151 Tanzania (United Republic of) 0.937 3 0.512 0.546 66.9 64.1 8.3 9.3 5.4 6.2 2,359 2,576 152 Nigeria 0.847 5 0.482 0.569 53.4 52.7 9.2 10.8 4.9 k 7.1 k 4,132 6,706 153 Cameroon 0.853 5 0.474 0.555 57.1 54.8 9.6 11.3 4.6 e 7.4 e 2,340 3,448 154 Papua New Guinea .. .. .. .. 65.0 60.7 .. .. 3.7 h 5.3 h 2,362 3,047 154 Zimbabwe 0.927 3 0.496 0.535 60.7 57.7 10.2 10.5 7.3 8.2 1,360 1,822 156 Solomon Islands .. .. .. .. 69.6 66.7 9.1 i 10.1 i .. .. 1,061 2,045 157 Mauritania 0.818 5 0.454 0.555 64.7 61.7 8.4 8.5 3.3 h 5.4 h 1,608 5,422 158 Madagascar 0.948 3 0.500 0.527 67.0 64.0 10.2 10.5 6.7 6.1 1,091 1,549 159 Rwanda 0.992 1 0.491 0.495 67.4 61.8 11.4 9.3 3.3 4.4 1,428 1,822 160 Comoros 0.817 5 0.437 0.535 65.3 61.9 10.9 11.3 3.7 5.6 715 1,945 160 Lesotho 0.962 2 0.485 0.505 50.0 49.9 11.2 10.3 7.0 f 5.3 f 2,631 4,020 162 Senegal 0.886 5 0.464 0.523 68.8 64.9 9.2 9.7 2.1 i 3.6 i 1,706 2,814 163 Haiti .. .. .. .. 65.3 61.0 .. .. 3.9 e 6.6 e 1,370 1,950 163 Uganda 0.878 5 0.459 0.523 61.1 57.3 9.9 10.1 4.5 i 6.8 i 1,266 2,075 165 Sudan 0.839 5 0.441 0.526 65.3 62.2 7.0 7.4 3.0 4.1 1,902 5,775 166 Togo 0.841 5 0.444 0.528 60.9 59.4 10.8 13.1 3.2 k 6.3 k 1,116 1,412 167 Benin 0.858 5 0.461 0.538 61.2 58.3 10.5 13.7 2.8 e 4.3 e 1,673 2,287 168 Yemen 0.737 5 0.400 0.543 65.4 62.7 7.6 10.4 1.9 e 4.2 e 1,045 3,530 169 Afghanistan 0.609 5 0.348 0.572 62.0 59.5 8.3 i 13.1 i 1.6 h 5.8 h 511 3,148 170 Malawi 0.921 4 0.455 0.495 64.8 62.9 10.7 10.8 3.8 h 5.0 h 972 1,175 171 Côte d’Ivoire 0.814 5 0.421 0.517 52.8 51.1 7.8 9.8 3.9 h 6.1 h 2,136 4,155 172 Djibouti .. .. .. .. 64.0 60.7 5.8 6.8 .. .. 1,981 4,441 173 Gambia 0.878 5 0.425 0.484 61.9 59.1 8.7 9.6 2.6 h 4.2 h 1,296 1,790 174 Ethiopia 0.842 5 0.408 0.484 66.6 62.7 7.9 8.8 1.5 k 3.7 k 1,161 1,886 175 Mali 0.786 5 0.385 0.491 58.3 58.6 7.5 9.4 1.7 3.0 1,349 3,071 176 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 0.832 5 0.390 0.469 60.5 57.6 8.7 10.0 4.0 8.1 599 761 177 Liberia 0.830 5 0.387 0.466 62.2 60.2 9.3 10.6 3.1 6.0 575 788 178 Guinea-Bissau .. .. .. .. 57.3 53.7 .. .. .. .. 1,139 1,603 179 Eritrea .. .. .. .. 66.3 62.0 4.4 5.6 .. .. 1,286 1,693 179 Sierra Leone 0.871 5 0.392 0.451 51.9 50.8 9.1 10.0 2.6 h 4.2 h 1,354 1,708 181 Mozambique 0.879 5 0.391 0.444 56.8 54.0 8.6 9.5 2.5 k 4.6 k 1,016 1,184 181 South Sudan .. .. .. .. 57.1 55.2 3.8 6.3 4.0 j 5.3 j .. .. 212 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2016 Human Development for Everyone Gender Development Index Human Development Index (HDI) Life expectancy at birth Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Estimated gross national income per capita a Value Group b Value (years) (years) (years) (2011 PPP $) Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male HDI rank 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 c 2015 c 2015 c 2015 c 2015 2015 183 Guinea 0.784 5 0.364 0.464 59.7 58.7 7.5 10.1 1.5 k 3.9 k 848 1,267 184 Burundi 0.919 4 0.388 0.422 59.2 55.1 10.2 11.1 2.6 e 3.6 e 632 752 185 Burkina Faso 0.874 5 0.375 0.429 60.3 57.6 7.3 8.1 1.0 2.0 1,278 1,800 186 Chad 0.765 5 0.340 0.445 53.0 50.8 5.8 8.8 1.2 3.4 1,581 2,400 187 Niger 0.732 5 0.291 0.397 62.9 61.1 4.7 5.9 1.1 h 2.3 h 481 1,292 188 Central African Republic 0.776 5 0.306 0.395 53.4 49.5 5.8 8.4 2.8 j 5.7 j 482 696 OTHER COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES Korea (Democratic People’s Rep. of) .. .. .. .. 73.9 66.9 11.5 12.5 .. .. .. .. Marshall Islands .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Monaco .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Nauru .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.2 9.2 .. .. .. .. San Marino .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.6 14.6 .. .. .. .. Somalia .. .. .. .. 57.4 54.1 .. .. .. .. 170 418 Tuvalu .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Human development groups Very high human development 0.980 — 0.881 0.898 82.4 76.6 16.7 16.0 12.1 12.2 29,234 50,284 High human development 0.958 — 0.728 0.760 77.7 73.4 14.1 13.6 7.8 8.3 10,214 17,384 Medium human development 0.871 — 0.582 0.668 70.4 66.8 11.5 11.3 5.6 7.8 3,314 9,131 Low human development 0.849 — 0.455 0.536 60.7 58.0 8.5 10.0 3.6 5.6 1,950 3,365 Developing countries 0.913 — 0.635 0.695 71.9 68.2 11.8 11.9 6.5 7.9 6,053 12,390 Regions Arab States 0.856 — 0.621 0.726 72.8 69.1 11.4 12.1 5.9 7.6 5,455 23,810 East Asia and the Pacific 0.956 — 0.704 0.736 76.2 72.3 13.3 13.0 7.3 8.0 9,569 14,582 Europe and Central Asia 0.951 — 0.733 0.770 76.3 68.7 13.7 14.0 9.9 10.7 8,453 17,547 Latin America and the Caribbean 0.981 — 0.743 0.757 78.4 72.0 14.7 13.8 8.3 8.3 10,053 18,091 South Asia 0.822 — 0.549 0.667 70.2 67.4 11.3 11.1 4.9 7.8 2,278 9,114 Sub-Saharan Africa 0.877 — 0.488 0.557 60.2 57.6 9.1 10.3 4.5 6.3 2,637 4,165 Least developed countries 0.874 — 0.473 0.541 65.1 62.1 8.9 9.9 3.7 5.2 1,792 2,994 Small island developing states .. — .. .. 72.7 67.9 .. .. .. .. 5,223 9,256 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development 0.974 — 0.873 0.896 82.9 77.7 16.2 15.7 11.7 12.0 28,441 47,684 World 0.938 — 0.693 0.738 73.8 69.6 12.4 12.3 7.7 8.8 10,306 18,555 TABLE 4 NOTES a Because disaggregated income data are not available, data are crudely estimated. See Definitions and Technical note 3 at http://hdr. undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_ notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Development Index is calculated. b Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values. c Data refer to 2015 or the most recent year available. d In calculating the HDI value, expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. e Updated by HDRO using Barro and Lee (2016) estimates. f Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016) and Barro and Lee (2016). g In calculating the male HDI value, estimated gross national income per capita is capped at $75,000. h Based on Barro and Lee (2016). i Updated by HDRO based on data from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016). j Based on data from United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 2006–2015. k Updated by HDRO based on data from ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys for 2006–2015. DEFINITIONS Gender Development Index: Ratio of female to male HDI values. See Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2016_ technical_notes.pdf for details on how the Gender Development Index is calculated. Gender Development Index groups: Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values. Group 1 comprises countries with high equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of less than 2.5 percent), group 2 comprises countries with medium to high equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 2.5– 5 percent), group 3 comprises countries with medium equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 5–7.5 percent), group 4 comprises countries with medium to low equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation of 7.5–10 percent) and group 5 comprises countries with low equality in HDI achievements between women and men (absolute deviation from gender parity of more than 10 percent). Human Development Index (HDI): A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living. See Technical note 1 at http://hdr.undp.org/ sites/default/files/hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf for details on how the HDI is calculated. Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant could expect to live if prevailing patterns of age-specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same throughout the infant’s life. Expected years of schooling: Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life. Mean years of schooling: Average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older, converted from educational attainment levels using official durations of each level. Estimated gross national income per capita: Derived from the ratio of female to male wages, female and male shares of economically active population and gross national income (in 2011 purchasing power parity terms). See Technical note 3 at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/ hdr2016_technical_notes.pdf for details. MAIN DATA SOURCES Column 1: Calculated based on data in columns 3 and 4. Column 2: Calculated based on data in column 1. Columns 3 and 4: HDRO calculations based on data from UNDESA (2015a), UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016), Barro and Lee (2016), World Bank (2016a), ILO (2016a) and IMF (2016). Columns 5 and 6: UNDESA (2015a). Columns 7 and 8: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Columns 9 and 10: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2016), Barro and Lee (2016), ICF Macro Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Columns 11 and 12: HDRO calculations based on ILO (2016a), UNDESA (2015a), World Bank (2016a) and IMF (2016). TABLE 4 Gender Development Index | 213
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Human Development Report 2016 Human
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Contents Foreword Acknowledgements
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2.5 In the United States the Human
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Infographic 1 Human development for
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FIGURE 1 Human development — the
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Closing the human development gaps
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FIGURE 3 Women are discriminated ag
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Voice and autonomy, as parts of fre
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FIGURE 5 National policies to care
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Because half of humanity is not enj
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Pursuing measures for groups with s
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are more indirect ways of accuratel
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The time has come to examine the re
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Peace in Colom
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Chapter 1 Human development — ach
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1. Human Development Report 2016 Hu
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FIGURE 1.1 Regional trends in Human
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technology and create value can thr
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0.63 in 2010, driven by declining i
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BOX 1.3 Insights based on horizonta
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in 2013, 453 million people — 190
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56 million people are trapped in a
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1 billion people worldwide lack acc
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people — access to dynamic price
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including the United Nations. 184 A
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gas emissions are now covered by ca
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FIGURE 1.10 Analytical links betwee
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Infographic 2.1 Barriers to univers
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One of the main challenges of pract
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The deprivations facing women are t
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Viewing the nation as the primary u
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Gender disparities in human develop
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FIGURE 2.4 Variations in Human Deve
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BOX 2.4 Limitations in opportunitie
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BOX 2.5 Disadvantages facing migran
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FIGURE 2.6 Since the 1990s attitude
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People are living longer but also s
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Epidemics, violence, climate change
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FIGURE 2.8 Deprivations among women
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Fulfilling basic needs is an essent
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Whether intentional or unintentiona
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Legal and political institutions ca
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Extreme inequality and the concentr
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Chapter 3 Reaching everyone— anal
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Human Development 3. Report 2016 Hu
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and participation are both a means
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Human decisionmaking — to be exam
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION How important
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value. This absence can be a seriou
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Somalia’s 2012 National Human Dev
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BOX 3.4 Test score methods for asse
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FIGURE 3.4 The trend in nonincome H
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FIGURE 3.5 Human development indica
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Chapter 4 Caring for those left out
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Human Development 4. Report 2016 Hu
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BOX 4.1 The Global Deal — a tripl
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of Ouagadougou’s nearly 2 million
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Providing autonomy to local governm
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care centres, afterschool programme
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young people with the skills needed
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to improve the governance, institut
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made a difference is in women’s r
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION The world has
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BOX 4.12 Providing work to Syrian r
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occurred at the beginning of 2015 i
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Addressing climate change Climate c
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BOX 4.17 Mainstreaming the poverty-
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FIGURE 4.5 Many countries have not
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BOX 4.20 Right to information — a
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Infographic 5.1 Challenges and refo
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Collective decisions shape global i
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The current architecture of interna
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The rules that govern international
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BOX 5.4 Bilateral investment treati
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Global social movements have spotli
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Macroeconomic coordination among la
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Since displacement lasts on average
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Today’s new realities and aspirat
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FIGURE 5.6 Developing countries wou
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The existing multilateral instituti
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SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION Preventing vio
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The transformation of global instit
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Page 178 and 179: FIGURE 6.1 Reaching everyone — ti
Page 180 and 181: The Sustainable Development Goals,
Page 182 and 183: BOX 6.3 The New York Declaration
Page 185 and 186: Notes Overview 1 UNFPA 2014. 2 Unit
Page 187 and 188: 134 Darrow and Tomas 2005; Johnson
Page 189 and 190: References Abadeer, A.S.Z. 2015. No
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Page 193 and 194: Washington, Seattle. www.healthdata
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Page 197 and 198: 2016. United Nations Development Pr
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Page 201 and 202: ———. 2016b. “Passing and Im
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Page 207 and 208: Readers guide The 17 statistical ta
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Page 211 and 212: Human development composite indices
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Page 236 and 237: TABLE 7 Population trends Total Pop
Page 238 and 239: TABLE 7 POPULATION TRENDS Total Pop
Page 240 and 241: TABLE 8 Health outcomes TABLE 8 Inf
Page 242 and 243: TABLE 8 HEALTH OUTCOMES TABLE 8 Inf
Page 244 and 245: TABLE 9 Education achievements TABL
Page 246 and 247: TABLE 9 EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS TABL
Page 248 and 249: TABLE 10 National income and compos
Page 250 and 251: TABLE 10 NATIONAL INCOME AND COMPOS
Page 252 and 253: TABLE 11 Work and employment Employ
Page 254 and 255: TABLE 11 WORK AND EMPLOYMENT TABLE
Page 256 and 257: TABLE 12 Human security TABLE 12 Bi
Page 258 and 259: TABLE 12 HUMAN SECURITY TABLE 12 Bi
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 13 International integration
Page 262 and 263: TABLE 13 INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
Page 264 and 265: TABLE 14 Supplementary indicators:
Page 266 and 267: TABLE 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INDICATORS:
Page 268 and 269: TABLE 15 Status of fundamental huma
Page 270 and 271: TABLE 15 STATUS OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMA
Page 272 and 273: Human development dashboards
Page 274 and 275: DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 1 LIFE-COURSE GENDER GAP
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DASHBOARD 2 Sustainable development
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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DASHBOARD 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Statistical references Barro, R.J.,
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United Nations Development Programm
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