The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino

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Soils Several different soil types are found in Jamaica, depending on the source material and the processes that have formed them. The main soil types and their locations are listed in Table 6.2. Table 6.2 Main Soil Types of Jamaica and Associated Landforms Soil Type Rich volcanic soils formed from igneous and metamorphic rock Limestone and “terra rosa” (red dirt), rich in bauxite Alluvial soils, sand, silt, gravel, clay Associated Landforms Mountain ranges in the northeast and centre of the island Interior hills and plateaus Lowlands (interior valleys and coastal plains) Source: Porter 1990. Major Landforms and Vegetation Types The major landforms of Jamaica are • Mountain ranges • Hills and plateaus • Interior valleys • Coastal plains • Rivers • Shoreline • Cays and banks Mountain Ranges The Blue Mountains are the highest of Jamaica’s mountain ranges, at 2,256 m. The John Crow Mountains are lower and further east. Both have patches of montane cloud forest and rain forest and are high in endemic species. The Port Royal Mountains form the foothills of the Blue Mountains. The Dry Harbour Mountains are found in the north-central part of the island. The Hellshire Hills in the southeast are important for endemic vertebrate species, including the endangered Jamaican hutia or “coney” (Geocapromys brownii) and the Jamaican iguana (Cyclura collei). N OTES ON THE N ATURAL H ISTORY OF J AMAICA 91
Hills and Plateaus The Cockpit Country in the northwest is a fine example of karst topography (egg-box–shaped hills and valleys with many caves, formed as limestone was dissolved by acidic rain and groundwater). It has a mixture of wet evergreen forest and seasonally dry deciduous forest and is high in endemic species of plants (more than one hundred) and animals. There are many caves, and rivers that disappear into the ground and reappear further downstream. A plateau is an area of relatively flat land on top of a range of hills or mountains. The Manchester Plateau is in the main central range. It consists of rolling hills, with hillsides and valleys mostly planted or in pasture. Parts of the area have been extensively mined for bauxite. Interior Valleys Major interior valleys include Lluidas Vale, St Thomas in the Vale, the Nassau Valley, Queen of Spain’s Valley and Cave Valley. Coastal Plains An almost continuous strip of coastal lowland surrounds Jamaica. On the north coast there is a narrow coastal plain – usually less than 2 km wide – with lush vegetation nurtured by plentiful rainfall from the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The south coast has a broad coastal plain, several kilometres wide in places, with a variety of ecotypes: semi-arid lands (for example, parts of the St Thomas, St Catherine and St Elizabeth coastlines), dry limestone scrub forests (St Catherine, Clarendon and Manchester coasts), mangrove forests (St Thomas, Kingston Harbour, St Catherine, Clarendon, St Elizabeth and Westmoreland), herbaceous swamps (Black River Upper and Lower morasses, St Elizabeth, Negril Morass, Hanover and Westmoreland), and marsh forests (Black River Lower Morass and Westmoreland). Rivers Major north-flowing rivers include the Rio Grande, Wagwater, Martha Brae, White River and Great River. Major south-flowing rivers include the Black River (the largest river in the island, navigable for 40 km upstream), Plantain Garden, Rio Cobre, Rio Minho, Cabaritta, and Milk River (all of which are longer than 32 km). 92 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS
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The Earliest Inhabitants
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University of the West Indies Press
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations A.1 Map of the sites
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13.2 Petroglyphs from Coventry and
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Preface I HAVE ALWAYS been fascinat
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Acknowledgements I WOULD FIRST like
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Introduction IN JAMAICA, THE indige
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encounter the term Arawaks used to
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90. Long Acre Point 91. Long Mounta
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ical publication in Jamaica. Geolog
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collections. Knowledge of the prove
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Section 1 Assessment and Excavation
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objective by using a frame of refer
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16 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS two
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18 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS fact
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20 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS the
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22 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS deco
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Howard (1965) recognized that Redwa
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people making Ostionan (Redware) po
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was the recovery of the Aboukir zem
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Appendix Table 1.1 Midden Sites Rep
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Table 1.2 Cave Sites Reported by Ro
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2 The Taíno Settlement of the King
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Henderson Hill lies to the south, o
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ivalves. Single gastropod valves we
Page 57 and 58: 40 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Taí
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.2 Neutron Activation Analys
Page 61 and 62: Plain may have played a role in the
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.3. Taíno Sites in the King
Page 65 and 66: contractors to drill and blast for
Page 67 and 68: chipped away. It is believed that t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.4 JNHT excavations at Chan
Page 71 and 72: Test Pit 6 Depth 40 cm. This is a s
Page 73 and 74: 19.375 19.275 1 CHANCERY HALL, JAMA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A Laboratory Study of the
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.1 All Recovered Organic Mat
Page 79 and 80: of slim, more or less parallel shap
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.5 Fish Bone Anatomical Part
Page 83 and 84: 66 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Surv
Page 85 and 86: Acknowledgements Thanks are due to
Page 87 and 88: SOUTH NEGRIL POINT Savannala-Mar Mo
Page 89 and 90: sudden event. Occupation 3 can be c
Page 91 and 92: dle, a ground stone artefact that m
Page 93 and 94: - infrastructural development throu
Page 95 and 96: emoval. Sometimes what is required
Page 97 and 98: Figure 5.1 Road cutting through the
Page 99 and 100: Later on the Spanish settled in the
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.4 Long Mountain prior to d
Page 103 and 104: 86 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS amon
Page 106 and 107: 6 Notes on the Natural History of J
Page 110 and 111: Shoreline On the north coast, there
Page 112 and 113: well established, especially in dis
Page 114 and 115: 7 The Exploitation and Transformati
Page 116 and 117: Art Art can be religious, functiona
Page 118 and 119: of Long Mountain”, Andreas Oberli
Page 120 and 121: Figure 7.3 William Keegan explainin
Page 122 and 123: cedar (Cedrela odorata), santa mari
Page 124 and 125: According to Rouse, the density of
Page 126 and 127: 17), grows abundantly on the island
Page 128 and 129: Incidental Dispersal The plant comp
Page 130 and 131: 8 Early Arawak Subsistence Strategi
Page 132 and 133: and bagged by level. In April of 19
Page 134 and 135: Table 8.1 Significant Vertebrate an
Page 136 and 137: tory and habitat preferences. Follo
Page 138 and 139: Changing Subsistence Strategies The
Page 140 and 141: Table 8.2 Faunal Comparisons: Per c
Page 142 and 143: Appendix Table 8.3 Rodney’s House
Page 144 and 145: Table 8.3 Rodney’s House Faunal L
Page 146 and 147: Section 3 Analysis of Taíno Archae
Page 148 and 149: 9 Petrography and Source of Some Ar
Page 150 and 151: The results discussed here were obt
Page 152 and 153: Petaloid Axes of Arawak Origin from
Page 154 and 155: Blue Schist The story of Jamaican b
Page 156 and 157: Coleraine) but also from other majo
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from which several Jamaican artefac
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in a lack of suitable rocks, so tha
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A surprising conclusion of the pres
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Figure 10.1 Redware, White Marl and
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triangular ridges. It is thought th
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(also see Figure 10.6), loop handle
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11 Jamaican Redware J AMES W. LEE A
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only if planted at exactly the corr
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Handles Handles may be classified i
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Two more or less spheroidal pottery
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12 Taíno Ceramics from Post-Contac
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and distribution of native labour w
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Figure 12.2 Distribution of New Sev
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hatching (Figure 12.5c), and closel
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were fired at a low temperature, th
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Figure 12.11 New Seville ware: jug
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ters of the caciques. These politic
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Section 4 Taíno Art Forms ART IS A
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13 The Petroglyphs of Jamaica J AME
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previously described petroglyphs ex
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glyphs in that belt, as the geologi
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Another carving that is unique is t
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Appendix Table 13.2 Jamaican Petrog
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14 Zemís, Trees and Symbolic Lands
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According to Arrom and Rouse (1992)
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The Context of Sacredness Taíno wo
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Kept in niches or on tables within
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Another important correspondence be
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eliefs in the spiritual and life-gi
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References Aarons, G.A. 1983a. Arch
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Smithsonian Biological Survey of Do
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———. 1988. Ulysses’ Sail: A
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———. 1983b. Adornos, Jamaica
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Porro, A. 1994. Social organization
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Scudder, S. 1992. Early Arawak subs
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Wing, E.S., and A.B. Brown. 1979. P
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Rouse, I. 1982. Ceramic and religio
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M. John Roobol, is a consultant geo
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