The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino

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Appendix Table 2.3 Taíno Sites in the Kingston Area Site Code Comments Rodney’s House S-5 Excavated by Wilman in 1978 and by Medhurst in 1979. Six middens. Faunal remains. 3,394 marine and 371 terrestrial molluscs, most common marine Arca zebra, Donax denticulatus, Arca imbricata, Chama macrophylla. 6,728 bone fragments, MNI 747. Four species of mammals, three species of reptiles, four families of birds, twenty-five families of fish, six of crabs and lobsters. Typical West Indian dry coastal and shallow-water faunal communities. (Medhurst 1980; Scudder 1992; Wilman 1978, 1979) Naggo Head S-12 Investigated 1972–73, now destroyed by quarrying. Child burial. (Lee 1972a, 1972b; Aarons 1983a) Caymanas Bay S-14 Investigated 1972–75. Small site on low hill. (Lee 1976b) Molynes Mountain K-14 Two sites, including Plantation Heights, investigated by Lee and Hodges, 1967 and 1985. Pottery of White Marl style. (Lee 1967a, 1967b, 1983a, 1985b) Chancery Hall K-11 Investigated by Lechler from 1990 onwards, excavated by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust in 1996 and by a University of the West Indies–University of Leicester team in 1998. Seven human burials. Faunal remains. Charcoal sample dated in 1992 by Beta Analytic Inc. at 690 ± 50 BP (uncalibrated). (Lechler 2000) Bellevue K-13 Excavated by Medhurst and Clarke in 1974–75 and by Medhurst and Wilman in 1976–77. House foundation 4.5 m in diameter. Four human burials. Pottery principally red-brown, a little buff-yellow ware. Faunal remains. 1974–75: 474 marine and 717 terrestrial molluscs; 1976–77: 2,500 marine and 2,341 terrestrial molluscs. Most common marine Neritina piratica reclivata and virginea, Arca zebra, Chione granulata, Anadara brasiliana; 1,207 bone fragments from the first excavation, MNI 126, predominantly land species. (Medhurst 1976a, 1976b, 1977a, 1977b; Scudder 1992; Wing and Medhurst 1977) Stony Hill Investigated by Gardner in 1997 when “Fort George”, Miss May Farquharson’s house, was demolished. Norbrook K-5 Investigated in 1890 by Lady Blake and therefore of considerable historical importance. Artefacts are still in evidence, but the site (hitherto owned by the National Water Commission) is undergoing development. (Duerden 1897) Jacks Hill K-1 Investigated by Lee and Lechler. Artefacts still in evidence. Ivor K-10 Investigated by Lee in 1971. Some excavation during construction work. (Lee 1971) Table 2.3 continues 45
Table 2.3. Taíno Sites in the Kingston Area (cont’d) Site Code Comments Hope Tavern K-3 Investigated by Duerden and subsequently relocated by Lee in 1966. (Duerden 1897; Lee 1966) Tower Hill K-7 Excavated by R.P. and A.K. Bullen in 1961. Faunal remains. Marine and terrestrial molluscs, sea turtles, fish including sharks, birds, and abundant hutia. (Bullen and Bullen 1974) Mona A stray find of a petaloid celt within the former grounds of the Mona Great House. Long Mountain K-8 Duerden stated that shell middens were widely spread on the elongated top and on less elevated portions of the mountain. Two distinct sites were subsequently identified by Lee and by Gardner. (Duerden 1897) Wareika K-2 Recorded by Duerden as being behind the then newly built Wareika House. (Duerden 1897) Rennock Lodge K-9 Marine shells, pottery, and two amulets reported by Duerden. (Duerden 1897) Harbour View K-6 Site in the vicinity of the Martello Tower, investigated by Lechler. (Lee 1984; Wallace 1992) Hope Mine Galena (lead and zinc ore) mined here from the time of the Spanish occupation onwards. Source of material found at Bellevue and Chancery Hall. (Matley 1951; Hughes 1973) Beverly Hills KC-7 Reported as a burial cave by Lewis. (Lee 1970a) Dallas Castle KC-2 Reported as a burial cave by Duerden, could not be relocated by Lee. (Duerden 1897) Downtown Kingston Canoe found in 1993–94 by National Water Commission workmen at the corner of Harbour and Pechon streets. Considered to be of Taíno origin. Made of a single piece of wood. 46
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The Earliest Inhabitants
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University of the West Indies Press
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations A.1 Map of the sites
Page 12 and 13: 13.2 Petroglyphs from Coventry and
Page 14 and 15: Preface I HAVE ALWAYS been fascinat
Page 16 and 17: Acknowledgements I WOULD FIRST like
Page 18 and 19: Introduction IN JAMAICA, THE indige
Page 20 and 21: encounter the term Arawaks used to
Page 22 and 23: 90. Long Acre Point 91. Long Mounta
Page 24 and 25: ical publication in Jamaica. Geolog
Page 26 and 27: collections. Knowledge of the prove
Page 28: Section 1 Assessment and Excavation
Page 31 and 32: objective by using a frame of refer
Page 33 and 34: 16 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS two
Page 35 and 36: 18 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS fact
Page 37 and 38: 20 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS the
Page 39 and 40: 22 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS deco
Page 41 and 42: Howard (1965) recognized that Redwa
Page 43 and 44: people making Ostionan (Redware) po
Page 45 and 46: was the recovery of the Aboukir zem
Page 47 and 48: Appendix Table 1.1 Midden Sites Rep
Page 49 and 50: Table 1.2 Cave Sites Reported by Ro
Page 51 and 52: 2 The Taíno Settlement of the King
Page 53 and 54: Henderson Hill lies to the south, o
Page 55 and 56: ivalves. Single gastropod valves we
Page 57 and 58: 40 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Taí
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.2 Neutron Activation Analys
Page 61: Plain may have played a role in the
Page 65 and 66: contractors to drill and blast for
Page 67 and 68: chipped away. It is believed that t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.4 JNHT excavations at Chan
Page 71 and 72: Test Pit 6 Depth 40 cm. This is a s
Page 73 and 74: 19.375 19.275 1 CHANCERY HALL, JAMA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A Laboratory Study of the
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.1 All Recovered Organic Mat
Page 79 and 80: of slim, more or less parallel shap
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.5 Fish Bone Anatomical Part
Page 83 and 84: 66 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Surv
Page 85 and 86: Acknowledgements Thanks are due to
Page 87 and 88: SOUTH NEGRIL POINT Savannala-Mar Mo
Page 89 and 90: sudden event. Occupation 3 can be c
Page 91 and 92: dle, a ground stone artefact that m
Page 93 and 94: - infrastructural development throu
Page 95 and 96: emoval. Sometimes what is required
Page 97 and 98: Figure 5.1 Road cutting through the
Page 99 and 100: Later on the Spanish settled in the
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.4 Long Mountain prior to d
Page 103 and 104: 86 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS amon
Page 106 and 107: 6 Notes on the Natural History of J
Page 108 and 109: Soils Several different soil types
Page 110 and 111: Shoreline On the north coast, there
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well established, especially in dis
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7 The Exploitation and Transformati
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Art Art can be religious, functiona
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of Long Mountain”, Andreas Oberli
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Figure 7.3 William Keegan explainin
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cedar (Cedrela odorata), santa mari
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According to Rouse, the density of
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17), grows abundantly on the island
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Incidental Dispersal The plant comp
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8 Early Arawak Subsistence Strategi
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and bagged by level. In April of 19
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Table 8.1 Significant Vertebrate an
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tory and habitat preferences. Follo
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Changing Subsistence Strategies The
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Table 8.2 Faunal Comparisons: Per c
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Appendix Table 8.3 Rodney’s House
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Table 8.3 Rodney’s House Faunal L
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Section 3 Analysis of Taíno Archae
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9 Petrography and Source of Some Ar
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The results discussed here were obt
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Petaloid Axes of Arawak Origin from
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Blue Schist The story of Jamaican b
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Coleraine) but also from other majo
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from which several Jamaican artefac
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in a lack of suitable rocks, so tha
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A surprising conclusion of the pres
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Figure 10.1 Redware, White Marl and
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triangular ridges. It is thought th
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(also see Figure 10.6), loop handle
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11 Jamaican Redware J AMES W. LEE A
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only if planted at exactly the corr
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Handles Handles may be classified i
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Two more or less spheroidal pottery
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12 Taíno Ceramics from Post-Contac
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and distribution of native labour w
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Figure 12.2 Distribution of New Sev
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hatching (Figure 12.5c), and closel
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were fired at a low temperature, th
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Figure 12.11 New Seville ware: jug
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ters of the caciques. These politic
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Section 4 Taíno Art Forms ART IS A
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13 The Petroglyphs of Jamaica J AME
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previously described petroglyphs ex
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glyphs in that belt, as the geologi
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Another carving that is unique is t
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Appendix Table 13.2 Jamaican Petrog
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14 Zemís, Trees and Symbolic Lands
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According to Arrom and Rouse (1992)
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The Context of Sacredness Taíno wo
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Kept in niches or on tables within
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Another important correspondence be
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eliefs in the spiritual and life-gi
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References Aarons, G.A. 1983a. Arch
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Smithsonian Biological Survey of Do
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———. 1988. Ulysses’ Sail: A
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———. 1983b. Adornos, Jamaica
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Porro, A. 1994. Social organization
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Scudder, S. 1992. Early Arawak subs
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Wing, E.S., and A.B. Brown. 1979. P
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Rouse, I. 1982. Ceramic and religio
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M. John Roobol, is a consultant geo
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The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino

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