The Earliest Inhabitants: The Dynamics of the Jamaican Taino

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The North Coast Highway Improvement Project The North Coast Highway Project is a 255-km roadway extending from Negril, Westmoreland, to Port Antonio, Portland. The highway has three segments: • Segment 1 – Negril to Montego Bay (71 km) – completed • Segment 2 – Montego Bay to Ocho Rios (92 km) – not completed • Segment 3 – Ocho Rios to Port Antonio (92 km) – not started This highway project has affected several Taíno sites. Segment 1 saw the partial and complete destruction of Taíno sites at Mosquito Cove, Barbican and Kew in Hanover. The Jamaica National Heritage Trust conducted watching briefs and pre-development excavations on the sites at Rhodes Hall, Haughton Hall, Green Island, Cousins Cove, Flint River and Paradise (all in Hanover). Seven watching briefs were conducted during segment 1, as were three pre-development rescue excavations and eleven re-routings; two archaeological and historic sites were recorded and reconstructed. A few sites that will be affected by segment 2 of the highway were reviewed. Jamaica National Heritage Trust archaeologists conducted a watching brief on the Taíno site at Little River, St Ann (one of the earliest dated sites in the island). The predicted impact of this highway development was not clear, as the boundaries of several sites were never established and some documented sites were not located. The proposed realignment also posed a threat to the site at Rio Bueno, Trelawny. Barbican, Hanover Archaeologists from the Jamaica National Heritage Trust located the Taíno site at Barbican in Hanover while carrying out surveys ahead of a major clearing of lands designated for the North Coast Highway Segment 1 project – Montego Bay to Negril. A field-walking exercise revealed a surface littered with Taíno pottery, some already fragmented by the tractor clearing the land. Rescue archaeology was conducted by the Jamaica National Heritage Trust, and several unique pottery pieces were found, along with a Taíno burial. The site is now a part of the highway (Figure 5.1). Highway 2000 Highway 2000 is a 230-km toll highway being constructed to open the country to roads and highways and increase access to new territories. The largest T HE I MPACT OF L AND-BASED D EVELOPMENT ON TAÍNO A RCHAEOLOGY IN J AMAICA 79
Figure 5.1 Road cutting through the Taíno site at Barbican, Hanover infrastructural development to date in the country, it is designed to be Jamaica’s pathway to the future (Highway 2000 Supplement, 2002). The highway is also designed to open the country’s tourism “hotspots” by connecting the tourism centres in Montego Bay, St James and Ocho Rios, St Ann. Highway 2000 is intended to facilitate direct and efficient links between economic centres and to stimulate additional economic development in Jamaica. • Phase 1 – Kingston to Mandeville (74 km) • Phase 2 – Bushy Park to Ocho Rios (67 km) • Phase 3 – Mandeville to Montego Bay (85 km) The exact highway path has not been finalized, so the anticipated impact has not been ascertained. The Old Harbour Bypass The Old Harbour Bypass is a 14-km roadway linking Sandy Bay, Clarendon, and Nightingale Grove, St Catherine. It is a major part of the South Coast Highway development programme. Three Taíno settlements were noted – at Freetown, Inverness and Toby Abbott (all in Clarendon) – by Jamaica National Heritage Trust archaeologists conducting an archaeological impact assessment during the construction of the Old Harbour Bypass (Figure 5.2). Rescue excavations were conducted on all three sites. On the Inverness site, the developers and archaeologists reached a compromise. The intended road could not be moved from its planned location, so it was agreed that the road would be elevated into a gravel foundation, 2 m high, thus saving the site from destruction. 80 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS
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The Earliest Inhabitants
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University of the West Indies Press
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Contents List of Illustrations / ix
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Illustrations A.1 Map of the sites
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13.2 Petroglyphs from Coventry and
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Preface I HAVE ALWAYS been fascinat
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Acknowledgements I WOULD FIRST like
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Introduction IN JAMAICA, THE indige
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encounter the term Arawaks used to
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90. Long Acre Point 91. Long Mounta
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ical publication in Jamaica. Geolog
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collections. Knowledge of the prove
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Section 1 Assessment and Excavation
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objective by using a frame of refer
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16 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS two
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18 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS fact
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20 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS the
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22 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS deco
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Howard (1965) recognized that Redwa
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people making Ostionan (Redware) po
Page 45 and 46: was the recovery of the Aboukir zem
Page 47 and 48: Appendix Table 1.1 Midden Sites Rep
Page 49 and 50: Table 1.2 Cave Sites Reported by Ro
Page 51 and 52: 2 The Taíno Settlement of the King
Page 53 and 54: Henderson Hill lies to the south, o
Page 55 and 56: ivalves. Single gastropod valves we
Page 57 and 58: 40 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Taí
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.2 Neutron Activation Analys
Page 61 and 62: Plain may have played a role in the
Page 63 and 64: Table 2.3. Taíno Sites in the King
Page 65 and 66: contractors to drill and blast for
Page 67 and 68: chipped away. It is believed that t
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.4 JNHT excavations at Chan
Page 71 and 72: Test Pit 6 Depth 40 cm. This is a s
Page 73 and 74: 19.375 19.275 1 CHANCERY HALL, JAMA
Page 75 and 76: Appendix A Laboratory Study of the
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.1 All Recovered Organic Mat
Page 79 and 80: of slim, more or less parallel shap
Page 81 and 82: Table 3.5 Fish Bone Anatomical Part
Page 83 and 84: 66 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS Surv
Page 85 and 86: Acknowledgements Thanks are due to
Page 87 and 88: SOUTH NEGRIL POINT Savannala-Mar Mo
Page 89 and 90: sudden event. Occupation 3 can be c
Page 91 and 92: dle, a ground stone artefact that m
Page 93 and 94: - infrastructural development throu
Page 95: emoval. Sometimes what is required
Page 99 and 100: Later on the Spanish settled in the
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.4 Long Mountain prior to d
Page 103 and 104: 86 T HE E ARLIEST I NHABITANTS amon
Page 106 and 107: 6 Notes on the Natural History of J
Page 108 and 109: Soils Several different soil types
Page 110 and 111: Shoreline On the north coast, there
Page 112 and 113: well established, especially in dis
Page 114 and 115: 7 The Exploitation and Transformati
Page 116 and 117: Art Art can be religious, functiona
Page 118 and 119: of Long Mountain”, Andreas Oberli
Page 120 and 121: Figure 7.3 William Keegan explainin
Page 122 and 123: cedar (Cedrela odorata), santa mari
Page 124 and 125: According to Rouse, the density of
Page 126 and 127: 17), grows abundantly on the island
Page 128 and 129: Incidental Dispersal The plant comp
Page 130 and 131: 8 Early Arawak Subsistence Strategi
Page 132 and 133: and bagged by level. In April of 19
Page 134 and 135: Table 8.1 Significant Vertebrate an
Page 136 and 137: tory and habitat preferences. Follo
Page 138 and 139: Changing Subsistence Strategies The
Page 140 and 141: Table 8.2 Faunal Comparisons: Per c
Page 142 and 143: Appendix Table 8.3 Rodney’s House
Page 144 and 145: Table 8.3 Rodney’s House Faunal L
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Section 3 Analysis of Taíno Archae
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9 Petrography and Source of Some Ar
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The results discussed here were obt
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Petaloid Axes of Arawak Origin from
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Blue Schist The story of Jamaican b
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Coleraine) but also from other majo
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from which several Jamaican artefac
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in a lack of suitable rocks, so tha
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A surprising conclusion of the pres
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Figure 10.1 Redware, White Marl and
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triangular ridges. It is thought th
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(also see Figure 10.6), loop handle
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11 Jamaican Redware J AMES W. LEE A
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only if planted at exactly the corr
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Handles Handles may be classified i
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Two more or less spheroidal pottery
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12 Taíno Ceramics from Post-Contac
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and distribution of native labour w
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Figure 12.2 Distribution of New Sev
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hatching (Figure 12.5c), and closel
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were fired at a low temperature, th
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Figure 12.11 New Seville ware: jug
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ters of the caciques. These politic
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Section 4 Taíno Art Forms ART IS A
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13 The Petroglyphs of Jamaica J AME
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previously described petroglyphs ex
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glyphs in that belt, as the geologi
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Another carving that is unique is t
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Appendix Table 13.2 Jamaican Petrog
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14 Zemís, Trees and Symbolic Lands
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According to Arrom and Rouse (1992)
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The Context of Sacredness Taíno wo
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Kept in niches or on tables within
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Another important correspondence be
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eliefs in the spiritual and life-gi
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References Aarons, G.A. 1983a. Arch
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Smithsonian Biological Survey of Do
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———. 1988. Ulysses’ Sail: A
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———. 1983b. Adornos, Jamaica
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Porro, A. 1994. Social organization
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Scudder, S. 1992. Early Arawak subs
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Wing, E.S., and A.B. Brown. 1979. P
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Rouse, I. 1982. Ceramic and religio
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M. John Roobol, is a consultant geo
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