A First Course in Linear Algebra, 2017a

530 Some Prerequisite Topics
• [a,b]={x ∈ R : a ≤ x ≤ b}
• [a,b)={x ∈ R : a ≤ x < b}
• (a,b)={x ∈ R : a < x < b}
• (a,b]={x ∈ R : a < x ≤ b}
• [a,∞)={x ∈ R : x ≥ a}
• (−∞,a]={x ∈ R : x ≤ a}
These sorts of sets of real numbers are called intervals. The two points a and b are called endpoints,
or bounds, of the interval. In particular, a is the lower bound while b is the upper bound of the above
intervals, where applicable. Other intervals such as (−∞,b) are defined by analogy to what was just
explained. In general, the curved parenthesis, (, indicates the end point is not included in the interval,
while the square parenthesis, [, indicates this end point is included. The reason that there will always be
a curved parenthesis next to ∞ or −∞ is that these are not real numbers and cannot be included in the
interval in the way a real number can.
To illustrate the use of this notation relative to intervals consider three examples of inequalities. Their
solutions will be written in the interval notation just described.
Example A.1: Solving an Inequality
Solve the inequality 2x + 4 ≤ x − 8.
Solution. We need to find x such that 2x + 4 ≤ x − 8. Solving for x, we see that x ≤−12 is the answer.
This is written in terms of an interval as (−∞,−12].
♠
Consider the following example.
Example A.2: Solving an Inequality
Solve the inequality (x + 1)(2x − 3) ≥ 0.
Solution. We need to find x such that (x + 1)(2x − 3) ≥ 0. The solution is given by x ≤−1orx ≥ 3 2 .
Therefore, x which fit into either of these intervals gives a solution. In terms of set notation this is denoted
by (−∞,−1] ∪ [ 3 2 ,∞).
♠
Consider one last example.
Example A.3: Solving an Inequality
Solve the inequality x(x + 2) ≥−4.
Solution. This inequality is true for any value of x where x is a real number. We can write the solution as
R or (−∞,∞).
♠
In the next section, we examine another important mathematical concept.