Fighter Combat - Tactics and Maneuvering

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APPENDIX 393 Figure A-4. Instantaneous Turn Performance Variation with Altitude
394 APPENDIX which is classified as either kinetic or potential. "Kinetic energy" is the energy of speed. An aircraft in flight possesses kinetic energy that is proportional to its weight (or, more correctly, its mass) and speed. Under the influence of gravity, it can increase its speed, and its kinetic energy, by falling. Altitude, therefore, may be thought of as "potential energy," since it can be readily transformed into kinetic energy. Potential energy is proportional to the weight of the aircraft and the distance through which it may fall. In the case of airplanes, any combination of speed and altitude may be described by an "energy state." In comparing the energy states of two different fighters it is convenient to eliminate aircraft weight from the energy-state calculations to arrive at a better picture of relative speeds and altitudes. The result is a quantity known as "specific energy" (Es). ES is expressed mathematically as: where H = altitude above some reference, usually sea level (ft); V = true airspeed (ft/sec); and g — acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/sec 2 ). From Equation 3 it is apparent that many combinations of speed and altitude will yield the same specific energy. Figure A-5 plots lines of constant Es on an altitude-velocity grid. These lines describe speedaltitude combinations that yield the same energy state. The plot of Figure A-5 is valid for any aircraft—or any rock, for that matter. The "ideal zoom" depicted illustrates how kinetic and potential energy may be traded back and forth while total energy remains constant. Theoretically a powerless aircraft in a vacuum with the speed-altitude combination depicted at the start of this ideal zoom could trade its speed for additional altitude as shown. If the pilot was willing to allow his speed to bleed all the way to zero, this aircraft would top out at about 50,000 ft. Then the aircraft falls, accelerating back to its initial condition. Such ideal zooms seldom occur in practice because of the drag of air resistance and the effects of aircraft thrust, but this example does serve to illustrate the concept of total energy. Energy state can be changed through the application of power. In the case of aircraft, this power is generally the result of thrust (which tends to increase energy state) and drag (which tends to decrease energy). The rate of change in Es is known as "specific excess power" (Ps) and is given by the equation where T = total engine thrust (lbs), D = total aircraft drag (lbs), W = aircraft weight (lbs), and V = true airspeed (ft/sec). Equation 4 reveals that whenever thrust is greater than drag, Ps will be a positive quantity resulting in increasing energy (i.e., climb or acceleration). Conversely, if drag exceeds thrust at any time, energy will decrease. The PS of a fighter under given conditions of weight, configuration, engine thrust, speed, altitude, and load factor determines the available performance, or "energy maneuverability," under those conditions. Energy ma- (3) (4)
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Fighter Combat TACTICS AND MANEUVER
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Preface ix Acknowledgments xv Abbre
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CONTENTS Vll Single-Side Offset 353
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X PREFACE tactics varied greatly, a
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Xll PREFACE current void of informa
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Acknowledgments Much of the credit
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Abbreviations AAA anti-aircraft art
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Fighter Combat TACTICS AND MANEUVER
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2 FIGHTER WEAPONS although fixed to
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4 FIGHTER WEAPONS some firing range
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Table 1-1. American Aircraft Guns T
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8 FIGHTER WEAPONS angle is also dep
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10 FIGHTER WEAPONS the ballistics o
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12 HGHTER WEAPONS often bars of lig
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14 FIGHTER WEAPONS This system has
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16 FIGHTER WEAPONS required firing
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18 FIGHTER WEAPONS With a disturbed
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20 FIGHTER WEAPONS We were both fly
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22 FIGHTER WEAPONS The predictor LC
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24 FIGHTER WEAPONS The next best th
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26 FIGHTER WEAPONS tracking G, shor
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28 FIGHTER WEAPONS defender's inten
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30 FIGHTER WEAPONS and acrobatic ma
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32 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Propulsi
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34 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Guidance
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36 FIGHTER WEAPONS straight path. T
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38 FIGHTER WEAPONS target to correc
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40 FIGHTER WEAPONS sensor systems,
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42 FIGHTER WEAPONS Since CW radars
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44 FIGHTER WEAPONS Missile Fuzes Th
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46 FIGHTER WEAPONS prised of many i
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48 FIGHTER WEAPONS The maneuvering
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50 FIGHTER WEAPONS racy being about
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52 FIGHTER WEAPONS then slowing the
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54 FIGHTER WEAPONS Shooter and targ
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56 FIGHTER WEAPONS will exhibit lar
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58 FIGHTER WEAPONS (RWR), that an e
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60 FIGHTER WEAPONS barrel-rolling a
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2 Basic Fighter Maneuvers I fly clo
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64 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS the comb
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66 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS himself
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68 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS speed ad
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70 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS pursuit
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72 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS Figure 2
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74 Figure 2-7. Low Yo-Yo BASIC FIGH
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76 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS The pote
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80 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS In case
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82 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS capitali
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84 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS one (the
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86 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS his exte
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90 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS the boge
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92 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS subseque
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94 Figure 2-22. Defensive Spiral BA
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96 BASIC FIGHTER MANEUVERS usually
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3 One-versus-One Maneuvering, Simil
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100 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, SIM
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140 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DIS
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1 70 ONE-VERSUS-ONE MANEUVERING, DI
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196 SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-ONE
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206 SECTION TACTICS. TWOVERSUS-ONE
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210 SECTION TACTICS, TWO-VERSUS-ONE
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226 SECTION TACTICS/ TWOVERSUS-ONE
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Section Tactics, Two-versus-Two The
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238 SECTION TACTICS, TWOVERSUS-TWO
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256 SECTION TACTICS, TWC-VERSUS-TWO
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7 Division Tactics The essence of l
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268 DIVISION TACTICS design began t
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270 DIVISION TACTICS so called beca
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272 DIVISION TACTICS "4." At time "
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274 DIVISION TACTICS Figure 7-8. Se
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276 DIVISION TACTICS Lieutenant Eug
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278 DIVISION TACTICS away, the free
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280 DIVISION TACTICS cloud) is now
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282 DIVISION TACTICS Figure 7-13. G
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284 DIVISION TACTICS defensive look
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286 DIVISION TACTICS In a dog-fight
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288 DIVISION TACTICS Americans empl
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8 Unlimited-Aircraft Tactics Of cou
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292 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS seve
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294 UN LIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS the
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296 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS beca
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298 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS I de
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300 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS post
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302 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS many
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304 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS poss
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306 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS posi
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308 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS may
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310 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS inte
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312 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS A go
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314 UNLIMITED-AIRCRAFT TACTICS doct
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Fighter Missions To use a fighter a
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318 FIGHTER MISSIONS Scenarios Sinc
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320 FIGHTER MISSIONS altitude, deta
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322 FIGHTER MISSIONS agency and the
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324 FIGHTER MISSIONS As previously
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326 FIGHTER MISSIONS cruise missile
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328 FIGHTER MISSIONS pattern gives
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330 FIGHTER MISSIONS have to coordi
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332 FIGHTER MISSIONS can be turned
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334 FIGHTER MISSIONS the enemy. Suc
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336 FIGHTER MISSIONS aircraft, and
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338 FIGHTER MISSIONS point for a di
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340 FIGHTER MISSIONS become major t
Page 361 and 362: 342 Figure 9-3. Fighter-Escort Miss
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Page 365 and 366: 10 Tactical Intercepts Confront the
Page 367 and 368: 348 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Figure 10-1
Page 369 and 370: 350 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS desired alt
Page 371 and 372: 352 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS If the turn
Page 375 and 376: 356 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS range). If
Page 377 and 378: 358 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS ment, and t
Page 379 and 380: 360 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Advantages
Page 383 and 384: 364 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS leader thro
Page 385 and 386: 366 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS immediate l
Page 387 and 388: 368 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS awareness),
Page 389 and 390: 370 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS and positio
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Page 397 and 398: 378 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS Visual Scan
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Page 403 and 404: 384 TACTICAL INTERCEPTS target on t
Page 406 and 407: Appendix Fighter Performance Perfor
Page 408 and 409: APPENDIX Figure A-l. V-n Diagram di
Page 410 and 411: APPENDIX 391 Figure A-2. Aircraft T
Page 414 and 415: APPENDIX 395 neuverability may be d
Page 416 and 417: APPENDIX 397 Figure A-7. Engine Thr
Page 418 and 419: APPENDIX 399 tends to reduce pressu
Page 420 and 421: APPENDIX 401 Figure A-11. Typical H
Page 422 and 423: APPENDIX 403 cause the Ps = 0 line
Page 424 and 425: APPENDIX 405 In theory the energy t
Page 426 and 427: APPENDIX 407 aircraft surfaces. In
Page 428 and 429: APPENDIX 409 Outside the zero-Ps li
Page 430 and 431: APPENDIX 411 factor," which is the
Page 432 and 433: APPENDIX 413 this condition occurs,
Page 434 and 435: APPENDIX 415 speed control. Many of
Page 436: APPENDIX 417 short or swept wings a
Page 439 and 440: 420 BIBLIOGRAPHY Johnson, Robert S.
Page 441 and 442: 422 INDEX Canard controls, 32, 398
Page 443 and 444: 424 High yo-yo. See Yo-yo, high H-M
Page 445 and 446: 426 INDEX Pursuit: curves and traje
Page 447: 428 INDEX Turns (continued] 191, 20
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Fighter Combat - Tactics and Maneuvering

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